tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-91840098371050936822023-11-16T02:56:04.109-08:00Criminal LawCriminal law, is the body of law that relates to crimenasrudinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05975580721389437239noreply@blogger.comBlogger35125tag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9184009837105093682.post-73894238879536088302013-10-05T05:40:00.000-07:002013-10-05T05:40:04.303-07:00Comparisons Between Criminal Law and Civil Law<div style="text-align: justify;">
Law and legal activities are categorized into two wide areas. Most people do not understand the differences, but the 2 are quite distinct in explanation. Criminal law and civil law are 2 separate and broad entities of law that administer separate sets of the law and punishment. Examples of the criminal law include assault, battery, murder and cases of burglary. On the other hand, civil law concerns cases such as malpractice or negligence. Therefore, a divorce attorney represents parties in civil law.<br /><br />Difference between criminal and civil law<br /><br />Criminal law is a body of law that handles legal punishment and crime of criminal offenses. Civil law, on the other hand, is a body of law that is concerned with settling disputes between organizations or individuals or between individuals and organizations, where the compensation is awarded to victims. With this law, the burden of proof is "beyond reasonable doubt". The burden of proof falls on the government/state. As for civil law, it is "preponderance of evidence", and is usually on the side of the plaintiff.<br /><br />This law includes cases of theft, robbery, assault, murder, trafficking controlled substances, etc. Examples of civil law include personal injury, property disputes, child custody proceedings, divorce proceedings, landlord/tenant disputes, etc. A guilty defendant in the case of criminal law is punished by fines and/or incarceration. In exceptional cases, the death sentence is issued. The crimes under the criminal law are divided into 2 broad classes: Misdemeanors and felonies. On the other hand, the civil litigation involves compensation for damages or injuries and disposition of property.<br /><br />In the case of this kind of law, the case is filed by the government, while in civil law, the case is filed by private party. Furthermore, in the case of the criminal law, only the defendant makes the appeal while in a civil case either of the parties can appeal.<br /><br />Elder Law<br /><br />This is concerned with legal matters, rights & needs and disputes of the elderly. The attorneys in this case have knowledge concerning the senior population, their unique needs and myths pertaining to aging and competence. The attorneys are informed about the mental and physical difficulties that accompany the process of aging. As a result of their knowledge, they play an important role in addressing the legal needs and requirements of their clients.<br /><br />For instance, when planning their client's estate, the attorney takes into consideration the individual or couple's health, the possibility for nursing home care and concerns and wishes of the individual or couple.</div>
nasrudinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05975580721389437239noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9184009837105093682.post-62081185275766729412013-10-05T05:39:00.001-07:002013-10-05T05:39:24.889-07:00A Career in Criminal Law<div style="text-align: justify;">
A good criminal lawyer can make the difference in a client losing a business or car license, losing assets, or even preventing jail time. A criminal lawyer is expected to be skilled in negotiation and presenting facts on his client in a favorable light. They will often be presented with difficult cases requiring a great deal of skill in presenting facts in a way that benefits the client. If this kind of career interests you and you wish to know more how to pursue this career, then read on.<br /><br />Job description<br /><br />A criminal lawyer is expected to defend clients charged with criminal offenses. This can cover a wide range of criminal offenses such as domestic violence, sex offenses, violent crimes, drug crimes, embezzlement, fraud, theft, and driving under the influence of alcohol (DUI). A criminal lawyer can of course specialize in one area and become drug offence solicitors, traffic lawyers or sex offence lawyers, but in general they must be able to handle a diverse spectrum of criminal offenses. A criminal lawyer will be required to handle bail bond hearings, trial hearings, parole and probation hearings, and present plea bargains. They will need to be skilled at building a defense and creating a case strategy, and be able to argue motions, and negotiate a plea bargain with the prosecution to lessen the charges.<br /><br />Skills required<br /><br />It is essential for a criminal lawyer to possess strong negotiation skills. They will be required to have excellent oral and writing ability, and strong research and investigative skills. They must be able to stay calm and think logically, and have the ability to think on their feet and change tactics quickly if necessary. They must have an in-depth understanding of criminal law and an ability to navigate the criminal justice system. They must also possess excellent interpersonal skills in order to help build a strong client-attorney relationship.<br /><br />Qualifications required<br /><br />To pursue a career in criminal law you will be required to obtain a law degree and pass the bar examination. There are generally two routes you can take to become qualified. The first route is via a four-year degree in criminal law or criminal justice. This will include coursework which covers topics such as criminology, investigative techniques, corrections, rehabilitation, and psychology. The other route a student can take is via an associate degree. An associate degree program in criminal justice or law enforcement will require you to have basic college-level qualifications such as English composition, criminal justice, criminal procedure, psychology and various electives. Work out which route would suit you best then make enquiries about courses available. Note that many universities offer online criminal law programs, so if there are no courses available to you locally or you have other commitments, an online course may be the most suitable option for you. As for course fees, if you cannot afford to pay for this yourself, you can apply for a government grant or government assisted loan. Enquire with the university how to go about applying for a government grant or assisted loan.</div>
nasrudinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05975580721389437239noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9184009837105093682.post-10994771555019970252013-10-05T05:38:00.005-07:002013-10-05T05:38:40.598-07:00Differences Between a General Practice Attorney and a Criminal Law Attorney<div style="text-align: justify;">
For those not in the law field, understanding the difference between different kinds of lawyers can be difficult. Here we'll take a look at some of things that differentiate a DUI lawyer from other types of attorneys who specialize in fields such as corporate or trademark law.<br /><br />First, consider the two basic areas of law: civil and criminal. Many legal matters fall under the category of civil law. For example, a couple going through a divorce would enlist an attorney who specializes in divorce and would proceed through the civil legal system. Other areas, which fall under the area of civil law, include family, workers rights, and personal injury, among many others. If neighbors go to court over a dispute or separated parents work to create a custody agreement, these cases fall under civil law.<br /><br />Criminal law, on the other hand, encompasses issues such as robbery, assault, and driving under the influence of drugs or alcohol. A DUI lawyer falls under the category of legal professionals who work under criminal law.<br /><br />All attorneys follow the same initial steps as they prepare for a career in the legal field. Aspiring law school students take the Law School Admission Tests (LSATS), sometimes more than once. This exam's grade, along with their education transcripts and other admissions materials, influences which universities accept them in the school's law program. After finishing years one and two, students begin to take courses more specific to the area of law in which they want to practice. It is at this point that those pursuing a criminal law path will take classes specific to criminal law and even to the topic, for example driving under the influence, that interests them. As with any industry, gaining internship experience during the final years of college is critical for an aspiring DUI lawyer. Experienced members of the field suggest pursuing opportunities with law firms or government agencies. It is during this final phase of their formal education that a criminal attorney learns skills and procedures specific to criminal law. The final requirement for all new lawyers before they can begin to practice is that they must take the bar exam and pass.<br /><br />Criminal attorneys are required to have a certain set of skills unlike what most civil attorneys may need. In this area of the law it's not uncommon for cases to end up in the courtroom and even be subjected to a lengthy trial. These legal professionals must have strong debate skills and be able to craft a well-executed plan for the proceedings. They need to think quickly on their feet and anticipate possible bumps in the road and respond appropriately. A criminal defense lawyer, for example, must be prepared for new evidence to be submitted to the court unexpectedly, while a DUI lawyer has to know how to respond to claims of mental distress being brought before the judge.<br /><br />All lawyers are expected to possess a base set of skills and habits that are required in their field: dedication to each of their clients' cases, keeping up-to-date on changes in the law, and staying well-versed in the latest legal findings, just to name a few. Like all professions, those specializing in a certain area of the law owe it to their clients to place special focus on the topics and skills that matter most in their area of expertise.</div>
nasrudinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05975580721389437239noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9184009837105093682.post-85933645148692983842013-10-05T05:38:00.001-07:002013-10-05T05:38:08.903-07:00The Basics of Criminal Law<div style="text-align: justify;">
In its most basic breakdown, the law is largely broken down into two categories: civil law and criminal law. For a civil law matter, individuals often enlist the services of an attorney who practices in the specific area that relates to the case. Examples include attorneys who specialize in family law, bankruptcy, workers rights, or personal injury. On the other hand, people involved in a criminal law case hire a criminal attorney to fight for them in court.<br /><br />Individuals involved in a criminal legal case may appear in court on a number of occasions. There are many types of activities that take place in the court room, including arraignments, preliminary hearings, trials, motions, sentencing, and others. Here's a quick review of these basic courtroom activities:<br /><br />During an arraignment, a person who has been charged in a legal case hears the charges brought against them.<br /><br />A preliminary hearing often takes place to review whether guidelines of a parole have been violated.<br /><br />A trial is the formal process in which evidence is presented and reviewed in a criminal or civil case. The evidence is typically presented to one or more judges and a jury.<br /><br />Motions are brought to the court in order to request that the judge make an immediate decision on a particular aspect of the case. For example, a "motion to dismiss," might claim that the entire case should be thrown out because the appropriate statute of limitations has expired.<br /><br />Sentencing is the part of the case where a defendant who has been deemed guilty in a case is notified of his or her sentence.<br /><br />Within the realm of criminal law, there are three major types of cases. The first group are known as infraction crimes. Even if found guilty of an infraction crime, jail time is not a possible sentencing. The most common type of infraction crimes are vehicle moving violations, which includes speeding tickets. Another group of crimes that fall under the category of criminal law are misdemeanor crimes, which include many acts ranging from prostitution to petty crime. Vandalism, spousal abuse, and drunk driving also fall into this category. Sentencing for misdemeanors may include jail time and fines. The final category of felony crimes include the heaviest of charges, including murder, robbery, and rape. Significant jail time and even death, in some states, may be sentenced in these cases. The consequences of being found guilty in a criminal law case can be severe, so defendants in these cases rely heavily on their criminal attorney.<br /><br />As noted above, there are many types of legal cases that fall under the category of criminal law. Everything from a simple traffic violation to a potential homicide are covered under this broad-reaching area of the law. A criminal attorney may specialize in just one of these categories or may practice across the entire spectrum. It's important to note that a conviction in a criminal law case is likely to stay on an individual's record permanently.</div>
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Several legal reforms have taken place since independence in India, including on equal share of daughters to property. Yet equal status remains illusive .Establishment of laws and bringing practices in conformity thereto is necessarily a long drawn out process. The government, the legislature, the judiciary, the media and civil society has to perform their roles, each in their own areas of competence and in a concerted manner for the process to be speedy and effective.<br />
To quote Justice Sujata V. Manohar of Supreme Court of India<br />
<br />
"...It is not easy to eradicate deep seated cultural values or to alter traditions that perpetuate discrimination. It is fashionable to denigrate the role of law reform in bringing about social change. Obviously law, by itself, may not be enough. Law is only an instrument. It must be effectively used. And this effective use depends as much on a supportive judiciary as on the social will to change. An active social reform movement, if accompanied by legal reform, properly enforced, can transform society."<br />
<br />
Historical perspective<br />
An effective social reform movement does need the help of law and a sympathetic judiciary to achieve its objectives. Women empowerment, equal rights to both men and women, equal share of property, etc., are some of the issues which we discuss everyday, in life, newspaper and on television. But the reality which bites is that these issues are still "unresolved". Not much has actually been done to create equality between the male and female gender. The male still dominates society.<br />
<br />
If it's a matter of property, then legally male dominate the society. There are numerous laws that say that there should be no discrimination between the sexes, but in reality none are effective enough to actually bring about a revolution; a change in society.<br />
<br />
According to the Indian Succession Act, 1925, everyone is entitled to equal inheritance, except Hindus, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists and Muslims. Under this act, the daughter of a person dying intestate would be entitled only to one-fourth of the son's share, or Rs. 5,000/- (Sthree Dhan), whichever is lesser. The Travancore High Court, however, held that the Indian Succession Act would have no application to the Christian women of the Travancore State in view of the Travancore Christian Succession Act, 1916. Under the State Act, the daughter of a person dying intestate would be entitled only to one-fourth of the son's share or Rs. 5,000/- (Sthree Dhana) whichever is lesser. The application of the State Act was challenged in the Supreme Court in the famous Mary Roy's Case (Mary Roy Vs. State of Kerala, AIR 1986 SC 1011; 1986(2) SCC 209). The Court ruled that the Cochin and Travancore Christian Succession Acts had ceased to be operative on the Reorganization of States and that automatically made the Indian Succession Act applicable to all Kerala Christians bestowing on them equal inheritance rights.<br />
<br />
The Hindu Enactment Act, 1956, established that women have equal inheritance rights, as men; and it abolished life estate of female heirs. However, this law could not do the needful as there was another law, the Mitakshara coparcenaries (Hindu Law) that overruled the previous law.<br />
According to Mitakshara coparcenaries, in a joint family, a daughter gets a much smaller share of property compared to the son. While the father's property is shared equally between brother and sister; the brother, in addition, is entitled to a share in the coparcenaries from which the sister is excluded .For example, if the family owns a dwelling house, then the daughter's right is confined only to the right of residence and not possession or ownership.<br />
<br />
Recommendations of Women Committees/Commissions on Status of Women in India<br />
<br />
In 1975 a committee on the status of women was constituted by the Government of India, to evaluate the current legal provisions in regards to women , so that that a women is not left completely destitute.<br />
<br />
Some important recommendations which were made by this committee were that legislative measures should be taken to bring Christian women of Kerala under the Indian Succession Act. The Indian Succession Act should be extended to Goa and Pondicherry respectively to undo the relegation of widows to fourth position in matters of succession and to undo the inferior position to which Christian women are relegated by not being considered as full owners of property. In regards to succession to property among Hindus, the right by birth should be abolished and the Mitakshara co-parcenary should be converted into Dayabhaga (the retention of Mitakshara co-parcenary perpetuates inequality between sons and daughters as only males can be co-parceners, and inheritance is only through the male line). The exception provided in Section 4 (2) of the Hindu Succession Act relating to devolution of tenancies should be abolished (this provision, as it stands now excludes devolution of tenancy rights under various State Laws from the scope of the Act).<br />
<br />
The discrimination between married and unmarried daughters regarding right of inheritance of dwelling houses caused under Section 23 of the Hindu Succession Act should be removed.<br />
The right of testation should be limited under the Hindu Succession Act, such that female heirs are not deprived of their inheritance rights. There is need for legislation in Muslim Law to give equal share of property to the widow and daughter along with sons as done in Turkey.<br />
<br />
In Matrimonial property, legal recognition should be given to the economic value of the contribution made by the wife through household work for purposes of determining ownership of matrimonial property, instead of continuing the archaic test of actual financial contribution; On divorce or separation, the wife should be entitled to at least one-third of the assets acquired at the time of and during the marriage.<br />
<br />
The National Commission for Women had also recommended certain amendments in laws related to women and property. Under Indian Succession Act, 1925 it suggested that Sections 15 and 16 of the Act, should be amended, removing mandatory linkage of wife's domicile with that of the husband. Further, it recommended that appointment of testamentary guardian may be the right of both the parents acting concurrently. Widows should be granted letter of administration to deal with the Estate of the deceased husband unless excluded by the Court for sufficient reasons (Section 219 (a)).and application made by the widow to be disposed of within a year (Section 218 (2).In Hindu Succession Act, 1956 It suggested that equal distribution should be made of not only separate or self acquired properties of the diseased male, but also of undivided interests in co-parcenary property. Daughter of a co-parcener in a Hindu joint family governed by Mitakshara Law to be co-parcener by birth in her own right in the same manner as her son; she should have right of claim by survivorship and to have same liabilities and disabilities as a son ;further co-parcenary property to be divided and allotted in equal share.<br />
<br />
The right of any heir to claim partition of a dwelling house to arise only after settlement of widowed mother's rights is disposed with in case the deceased male is intestate.<br />
A remarkable dent in this situation was made by the Hindu Succession [Andhra Pradesh] Amendment Act, 1985, which initiated a remarkable development. This law stated that, in any circumstances, the rights of the daughter are equal to that of the son. This new law found the Mitakshara system in violation of the fundamental right of equality bestowed upon women in Indian Constitution. Following Andhra Pradesh, the States of Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Kerala subsequently also amended their laws by including women as members of the coparcenaries.<br />
The Rajya Sabha on August 16, 2005, passed the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Bill, 2004, (Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005,) which is now a law, giving daughters and sons equal rights to property. According to this law, any woman, irrespective of the marital status, has full right to inherit ancestral property just like a son of the family. This law has completely abolished the Hindu Succession Act 1956 by giving equal rights to daughters in the 'Hindu Mitakshara Coparcenary property', as sons have. If however, any of the parents have built some property and have made a will of their own, this law would be ineffective.<br />
<br />
Myth<br />
<br />
Earlier, the law use to put the male heirs on a higher footing by providing that they shall inherit an additional independent share in co-parcenary property over and above what they inherit equally with female heirs; the very concept of co-parcenary was that of "an exclusive male membership club" .Now this concept has` been abolished . But surprisingly, even today, even after the new law, co-parcenary remains a primary entitlement of males; no doubt law provides for equal division of share between all heirs, male and female on the death of a male co-parcener, but in practice the scene is totally different .Legally, Intestate self acquired property devolves equally between male and female heirs; but , even toady female heirs are asked to relinquish their share by making relinquishment deeds on their signature and are commonly submitted in courts. If the intestate property includes a dwelling house, the female heirs have no right to partition until the male heirs choose to divide their respective shares. If a Hindu female dies intestate, her property devolves first to husband's heirs, then to husband's father's heirs and finally only to mother's heirs; thus the intestate Hindu female property is kept within the husband's lien.<br />
<br />
Conclusion<br />
<br />
To actually achieve equal inheritance for all, the laws have been amended. In regard to succession to property among Hindus, the right by birth has been abolished and the Mitakshara School co-parcenary of Hindu Law has been converted into Dayabhaga School that means equal distribution of not only separate or self acquired properties of the diseased male, but also of undivided interests in coparcenary property. Daughter of a coparcener in a Hindu joint family governed by Mitakshara Law now is coparcener by birth in her own right in the same manner as a son; she has right of claim by survivorship and has same liabilities and disabilities as a son; now co-parcenary property to be divided and allotted in equal share. The theoretical reforms so far have not been adequate to give all Indian women a right to property on the same footing and terms as men. It varies with region and religion. Even where law has given a right, conventions and practices do not recognize them. Women themselves relinquish their rights. Women, as daughters, wives, daughters-in-law, mothers or sisters tend to lose out and often suffer deprivation. This further gets accentuated when they lose the security of the family, as single women, divorced/separated or widowed. Social awareness of the rights under law, attitudes to adhere to it and a mindset to change law and practice to ensure social justice is therefore urgent.<br />
Therefore a social reform movement is necessary for such awareness and change of mindset. Since 'marriage' is the most traditional institution of initiating a family and preserving it, let registration of marriages be made compulsory It is suggested that to achieve more power for women we must Increase awareness of laws through education institutions, general awareness and legal awareness programmes; sensitize Judiciary, administrators and legislators about implementation of laws in letter and spirit; consider long pending recommendations for amendments of legal provisions on inheritance and strengthen the administrative machinery for the purpose.<br />
About this Author<br />
<br />
Rakesh J Saxena<br />
Hindu Personal Laws of India</div>
nasrudinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05975580721389437239noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9184009837105093682.post-45221770625429781222013-01-16T15:32:00.002-08:002013-01-16T15:32:53.386-08:00Criminal Defense: Drunk Driving And Alcohol Laws In Utah<div style="text-align: justify;">
<span id="goog_1768534701"></span><span id="goog_1768534702"></span>The only way to purchase alcoholic drinks for a certain individual if he is in the state of Utah is when he is 21 years old. The government is strict when it comes to this matter. They are firm when it comes to selling and purchasing alcoholic drinks for the benefit of the people. Although the local people follow or abide the law, it became a prominent issue to those people who are not a native of the state. They often find the law to be particularly stringent.<br />
<br />
The only allowed amount of alcohol content is about 3.2%. Alcoholic drinks such as beers need to follow such alcohol content. Otherwise, they cannot sell them in the market. For some people who would want to purchase an alcoholic drink that has a higher alcohol content may still purchase from any state liquor agency or stores. Those agencies have a license to sell liquor that has higher alcohol content. Convenience stores cannot do that.<br />
<br />
Since we have mentioned that the Utah government is so rigorous when it comes to its policies regarding alcoholic drinks, there are still those people who violate the law. Drunk driving is a tremendous offense. If the criminal case of drunk driving is proven, the defendant will lose his license. Aside from that, if a minor is driving under the influence of alcohol, he can only regain their license once they reached the age of 21. For those who person caught doing the same offense, the penalties are sterner in order to discipline them.<br />
<br />
Aside from losing their license for at least 120 days, other stiff penalties for the first offense include jail time, work service program that is of 48 hours, home confinement, and fine of $700. The second offense is sterner. A person who drives a car under the influence of alcohol can be put into jail for 240 hours, render a work service program for 240 hours, home confinement, fine of $800, and their driver's license can be suspended for 2 years. The third offense could get a person in jail for 1500 hours, fine of $1500, suspension of their license for 2 years, and the worst is that an IID OR Ignition Interlock Device.<br />
<br />
If a certain individual subject to a criminal case such as driving under the influence of alcohol, it is extremely valuable for them to have a strong counsel such as Utah criminal defense attorney. A Salt Lake City criminal attorney who have years of experience in such case can tremendously help during the trial.<br />
About this Author<br />
<br />
Lori Buenavista has been in the field of Criminal Defense for a long time and maintains a website about Defense Attorney Utah where you can get answers to the rest of your questions.</div>
nasrudinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05975580721389437239noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9184009837105093682.post-24426774160086156982013-01-16T15:32:00.001-08:002013-01-16T15:32:43.300-08:00Tips for Appearing for Yourself in an AVO Court Appearance<div style="text-align: justify;">
If you have decided to consent to an Apprehended Violence Order (AVO) there is little point using a lawyer. However, for some people who may not be good at speaking in public appearing in Court is a terrifying experience. For these people they may choose to select a lawyer.<br />
<br />
The following tips are designed to assist people$20who may want to appear for themselves.<br />
<br />
1. In most Sydney metropolitan courts there are domestic violence liaison officers (Police officers) who support and look after the interests of those people seeking an AVO. You should find one of these officers and ascertain the orders that the protected person (Person for whose protection and order is being sort) is seeking against you. Quite often the protected person may seek additional orders then what is in the original application or the provisional or interim AVO.<br />
<br />
If there is no domestic violence liaison officer at court then you can approach the police prosecutor either before court or when the court adjourns. Most Police Prosecutors are helpful and will be able to confer with the protected person as to the orders they seek. Sometimes the Police Prosecutors may be busy and may not assist you at all. Try and not become upset or abusive towards the police prosecutor.<br />
<br />
2. Once you are satisfied that you understand the orders that the protected person is seeking you should speak with the court officer in the court that you are appearing in. You should advise this person that you are ready to agree to the AVO. This can often save you waiting for a long time before the court decides to call out your name.<br />
<br />
3. When your matter is mentioned by the court you will normally make your way from the public gallery to a microphone that will be at the end of the bar table (where the lawyers sit). This is normally at the end opposite the police prosecutor. The Magistrate will ask you whether you consent to the making of an AVO against you for a set period of time. Normally the Magistrate will also read out the conditions of the AVO that you are consenting to. If you agree to those orders you then need to advise the court of this.<br />
<br />
4. Normally the whole process once the matter is mentioned takes approximately 5 minutes.<br />
<br />
5. Once the court makes the order you will normally be asked to wait for staff from the court office to type up the AVO. Once this is done the court office staff will read and explain the AVO to you. If you are happy that the AVO reflects what you consented to in court then you should sign the AVO. If you are not you should mention this to court office staff and ask them that the matter go back before the court so that any corrections can be made.<br />
<br />
In most cases there are little or no issues that would cause you concern.<br />
About this Author<br />
<br />
Lionel Rattenbury<br />
Criminal lawyer Sydney<br />
<br />
The information in this article relates to the laws and court procedures in NSW, Australia. Different but similar laws and court procedures apply in different states of Australia.</div>
nasrudinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05975580721389437239noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9184009837105093682.post-88473151987166873642012-12-19T05:13:00.005-08:002012-12-19T05:13:40.545-08:00Get Better Law Knowledge for your Own Sake<!--[if gte mso 9]><xml>
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">The law may give different
consequence for you. In some situation, you may get the best support by the law
that will let you to enjoy different kind of rights that you have. The problem
is set on the fact that people is not always that lucky in dealing with law.
Driving your car without any driving license will be a simple law violation
that may set serious consequence despite of the fact that you are a skilled and
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<span style="font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";">To prevent any potential mistake on
violating the law, self law awareness or education will help you better to get
a grip on who the recent law works within the society and any governmental
based policy. There will be more than <span style="color: #548dd4;">enough </span><a href="http://www.isitlegalto.com/legal-news-law-articles-informative-articles/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #548dd4; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">law
articles</span></a>. You can have them from different source. All that you need
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different standard that is set for different state. This has become one of the
reasons why many <a href="http://www.isitlegalto.com/blogs/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #548dd4; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">law questions</span></a> are
set for the same problem. As the top priority, it will be better to get the
latest law that is applied in your state. If you are having certain problem in
different state, you can refer to the local law where the problem is happening.</span><span style="font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman";"></span></div>
nasrudinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05975580721389437239noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9184009837105093682.post-11249232345465952332012-08-26T22:55:00.002-07:002012-08-26T22:55:25.189-07:00Legal Service with Best Assistance<div style="text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <w:BrowserLevel>MicrosoftInternetExplorer4</w:BrowserLevel> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--"/> <m:smallFrac m:val="off"/> <m:dispDef/> <m:lMargin m:val="0"/> <m:rMargin m:val="0"/> <m:defJc m:val="centerGroup"/> <m:wrapIndent m:val="1440"/> <m:intLim m:val="subSup"/> <m:naryLim m:val="undOvr"/> </m:mathPr></w:WordDocument> </xml><![endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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<br />
</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">Some of the services they provide consist of selling and buying properties, inspections of properties of any kind, contracts for commercials, advertisement, residential, zoning, agreements on ownership, co-ownerships, terms of payment and insurance related issues on property. The team is more than happy to make sure that their</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://www.kjlpc.com/services.html" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">legal services</span></a></span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">truly help you. With legal services, many teams rule out the need to understand their client’s situation and focus merely on the issue and solvency. Here you will be provided a different approach. What you feel about the process matters just as much as what the process has resulted in.</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Times New Roman","serif"; font-size: 12.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><br />
<br />
</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">You can go here</span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"><a href="http://www.lawyers.com/" target="_blank"><span style="color: #1155cc; line-height: 115%; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt;">or here</span></a></span></b><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-font-size: 11.0pt; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;"> </span><span style="color: #222222; font-family: "Arial","sans-serif"; font-size: 10.0pt; line-height: 115%; mso-ansi-language: EN-US; mso-bidi-language: AR-SA; mso-fareast-font-family: "Times New Roman"; mso-fareast-language: EN-US;">to read more about the service they provide you. If you want to be extra careful in making this decision you can always compare. Make sure you compare the same features and think it through. Finding a lawyer can be tricky because no company concentrates on the exact same area making your research important. Legal matters are very delicate as much as they are sophisticated and designed to protect interests of all parties. Give the team a call and see what they have for you. They have been in the field for many years already. Start your search now.</span></div>nasrudinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05975580721389437239noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9184009837105093682.post-81874815939242231562012-05-28T21:17:00.002-07:002012-05-28T21:17:44.649-07:00Looking for attorney in US<div style="text-align: justify;"><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:WordDocument> <w:View>Normal</w:View> <w:Zoom>0</w:Zoom> <w:TrackMoves/> <w:TrackFormatting/> <w:PunctuationKerning/> <w:ValidateAgainstSchemas/> <w:SaveIfXMLInvalid>false</w:SaveIfXMLInvalid> <w:IgnoreMixedContent>false</w:IgnoreMixedContent> <w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText>false</w:AlwaysShowPlaceholderText> <w:DoNotPromoteQF/> <w:LidThemeOther>EN-US</w:LidThemeOther> <w:LidThemeAsian>X-NONE</w:LidThemeAsian> <w:LidThemeComplexScript>X-NONE</w:LidThemeComplexScript> <w:Compatibility> <w:BreakWrappedTables/> <w:SnapToGridInCell/> <w:WrapTextWithPunct/> <w:UseAsianBreakRules/> <w:DontGrowAutofit/> <w:SplitPgBreakAndParaMark/> <w:DontVertAlignCellWithSp/> <w:DontBreakConstrainedForcedTables/> <w:DontVertAlignInTxbx/> <w:Word11KerningPairs/> <w:CachedColBalance/> </w:Compatibility> <m:mathPr> <m:mathFont m:val="Cambria Math"/> <m:brkBin m:val="before"/> <m:brkBinSub m:val="--> <m:smallfrac m:val="off"> <m:dispdef> <m:lmargin m:val="0"> <m:rmargin m:val="0"> <m:defjc m:val="centerGroup"> <m:wrapindent m:val="1440"> <m:intlim m:val="subSup"> <m:narylim m:val="undOvr"> </m:narylim></m:intlim> </m:wrapindent><!--[endif]--><!--[if gte mso 9]><xml> <w:LatentStyles DefLockedState="false" DefUnhideWhenUsed="true"
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</style> <![endif]--> </m:defjc></m:rmargin></m:lmargin></m:dispdef></m:smallfrac></div><div> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">If you are charged with crime, you must need someone who does understand about the law and that attorney is the right person to meet when you have such problem. He will be able to help you to get compensation or reduce your penalty. If you have such driving problem and live in Illinois, you can call a </span><a href="http://www.phebuslawaz.com/"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Peoria DUI lawyer</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">. </span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">He is a professional lawyer who can help you with any cases, especially for DUI. DUI is one of most common case happens in United States. If you are charged in DUI, the attorney will help you to reduce your sentence. But, if you are the victim, you will be helped to get your compensation when you get injured.</span></div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">There are many attorneys who can help you with DUI problem in United States. However, you must be careful to select one of those attorneys. You must check his reputation before deciding to hire him.<span> </span>But, the </span><a href="http://www.phebuslawaz.com/driving-under-the-influence/dui"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Peoria DUI lawyers</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> are the professional who have won many cases, especially in DUI. You can ensure that you will get either your compensation or the sentence reducing. You will not regret hiring such attorney because you can get what you deserve.</span></div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><br />
</div><div style="text-align: justify;"> </div><div class="MsoNormal" style="text-align: justify;"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">After noticing such great lawyers in Peoria, you might question about the attorneys or lawyers in other part of United States. Do they also have such great lawyers? You do not need to worry about it because you might find them in Glendale, Arizona. </span><a href="http://www.phebuslawaz.com/law/criminal-law"><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;">Glendale criminal defense attorney</span></a><span style="font-size: 12pt; line-height: 115%;"> is also exceptional. It is because he is the same person as the Peoria lawyer. He is always ready to come into your place and help you to win any case that you are facing. You do not need to worry if you are being charged with crime because this lawyer will always be ready for you.</span></div>nasrudinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05975580721389437239noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9184009837105093682.post-49187693796922816232012-02-11T00:41:00.001-08:002012-02-11T00:41:29.288-08:00The Advantage of Retaining a Criminal Lawyer<div style="text-align: justify;">There are two types of criminal offences in Canada, each with its own procedural phases: summary conviction offences and indictable offences. Most offences are dual procedure, or hybrid. This means that the Crown Attorney can elect to prosecute either by way of summary conviction or by indictment.<br />
<br />
Summary Conviction Offences<br />
<br />
These offences generally carry a sentence up to a maximum of six months imprisonment, with some exceptions. There are two procedural phases: pre-trial and trial, and an experienced Criminal Defence Lawyer can employ different strategies applicable to each phase.<br />
<br />
The pre-trial phase consists of three procedural steps:<br />
<br />
1) Obtaining complete disclosure of all the evidence from the Crown Attorney;<br />
2) a Crown Pre-Trial meeting; and<br />
3) a Judicial Pre-Trial.<br />
<br />
When facing charges in the Toronto Courts, initial disclosure provided during the first or second court appearance is, in most cases, incomplete. A Criminal Defence Lawyer will carefully review all disclosure and make a second or third request for additional materials which appear to be missing from the disclosure package. These additional materials almost always turn out to be helpful to the client's case. Once complete disclosure has been obtained, the Criminal Defence Lawyer will review the materials with the client before proceeding to the next step.<br />
<br />
In Toronto, a Criminal Defence Lawyer will schedule a pre-trial meeting with the Crown Attorney. An effective strategy for the Criminal Defence Lawyer is to fully canvass all the issues and identify any weaknesses in the Crown's case. In some cases, the Crown would then consider reducing or withdrawing the charges.<br />
<br />
A Judicial Pre-Trial is a meeting conducted before a Judge with both the Crown Attorney and the Criminal Defence Lawyer present and, in Toronto, can be scheduled in most cases. An effective strategy for an experienced Criminal Defence Lawyer is to take this opportunity to again argue any weaknesses in the Crown's case and encourage the Judge to confront the Crown for the purpose of reviewing whether the charges should be reduced or withdrawn. As well, the Crown may indicate a sentencing position on an early guilty plea and this would also be discussed with the Judge. Once the issues have been narrowed down, and if a trial is to proceed, then there is a discussion of how many witnesses are expected to be called and how long the trial is likely to be.<br />
<br />
Once the pre-trial phase is completed, the Criminal Defence Lawyer will discuss trial strategies with the client and obtain instructions to set a trial date. In Toronto, the trial would be conducted in one of the five courthouses of the Ontario Court of Justice.<br />
<br />
Indictable Offences<br />
<br />
These are the more serious offences, which can carry a maximum sentence from two years to life imprisonment. Most indictable offences provide the opportunity for the Criminal Defence Lawyer to elect to have a preliminary hearing before a Judge in the Ontario Court of Justice, which is conducted after the pre-trial phase and before the trial phase. In Toronto, there are five Ontario Court of Justice courthouses where criminal cases are heard: Old City Hall, College Park, Scarborough Court and two in North York. Similar to a trial, the Crown calls its witnesses and the Criminal Defence Lawyer has the opportunity to cross-examine each witness. There is no plea of guilty or not guilty, and there is no finding of guilty or not guilty. Instead, the Judge must decide whether there is sufficient evidence to go to trial in the Superior Court of Justice, located in downtown Toronto on University Avenue, which only deals with indictable offences.<br />
<br />
This is a good opportunity for an experienced Criminal Defence Lawyer to test the Crown's evidence and expose the weaknesses in the Crown's case. If the Judge decides that there is insufficient evidence for a trial, then the charges are dismissed and the client is free to go. If a trial is to proceed, then the evidence given by the witnesses during their examination and cross-examination at the preliminary hearing can be used against them at trial by the Criminal Defence Lawyer.<br />
<br />
To effectively represent a client facing criminal charges in Toronto, an experienced Criminal Defence Lawyer will take advantage of all of these opportunities to successfully dispose of the charges throughout all phases of the case.<br />
<br />
Copyright © 2011 Steven Tress, Barrister and Solicitor. All Rights Reserved Worldwide.<br />
About this Author<br />
<br />
Steven Tress is a Toronto Criminal Lawyer with over 20 years experience in Criminal Law. His office is located at 425 University Avenue, Suite 500, Toronto, Ontario, M5G 1T6, and may be contacted for a consultation at (416) 977-3657 or via email: contact@steventress.com. For a detailed biography and other information, visit http://steventress.com/</div>nasrudinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05975580721389437239noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9184009837105093682.post-79483549652861050312012-02-11T00:37:00.000-08:002012-02-11T00:37:23.048-08:00Why Judicial Corporal Punishment Is Better Than Incarceration<div style="text-align: justify;">Today, we naturally think of incarceration as more modern and advanced than judicial corporal punishment, but it's not true incarceration is always better. The facts clearly show prison does not rehabilitate or deter much crime and merely keeps criminals out of circulation while they are in prison. While the execution of judicial corporal punishment is horrendous and usually bloody, the effects of incarceration are worse. Prison takes offenders away from their families, marriages, jobs, friends, communities and churches and puts them in an extremely bad moral environment for years at a time. Incarceration does not provide the benefit of example, because it is hidden behind prison walls. In prison, convicts learn crime skills, join or re-join gangs, fight, go crazy or get depressed, suffer in solitary confinement, and adopt sick prison values and ways. Most of the time, prisoners do not learn the job and life skills they need to succeed on the outside. After their release, well over half wind up right back in prison.<br />
<br />
All slave systems in history whipped slaves, which proves effectiveness. Stable nations using judicial corporal punishment today enjoy significantly lower crime rates than countries that do not. Historically, corporal punishment is abolished only because it is an unpopular reminder of lower social status. For example, as St. Paul reminded a Roman soldier, Roman citizens could not be flogged. In most Western countries, it was curtailed or abolished soon after political equality of citizens was achieved: In France after the French Revolution, in Germany after the revolution of 1848, in the United States after the American Revolution and then more completely after the American Civil War. After Great Britain abolished it, her crime rates increased markedly.<br />
<br />
Ex-slaves interviewed as part of the Federal Writers' Project from 1936 to 1938 confirmed the effectiveness of corporal punishment, especially to discipline young males. Some ex-slaves said corporal punishment taught them valuable lessons. Female ex-slaves in particular observed that it was needed and effective. While we often associate flogging with slavery in the United States, it was used effectively by General George Washington to discipline his mainly white troops. The Continental Congress initially authorized Washington to apply no more than 40 lashes, but in 1776, Washington sought and obtained authority from Congress to impose 100 lashes. Shortly before the battle of Yorktown, Washington sought authority to impose 500 lashes. Thomas Jefferson provided for "stripes" in a statute he drew for Virginia. In its early years, the United States did without large-scale penitentiaries.<br />
<br />
When executed in public, corporal punishment provides a much better example than prison time. It deters crime effectively. Intense pain fills the offender with a desire to avoid pain in the future. The boredom of prison does not impart the same message. Physical punishment provides offenders with an immediate opportunity to change their behavior and join law-abiding society. Before incarcerated convicts can reform, they must first endure a clean version of hell that discourages their improvement and fails to impart the skills they will need when released.<br />
<br />
Judicial corporal punishment is far less expensive and time-consuming than incarceration. Incarceration saddles taxpayers with expenses for food, clothing, shelter, medical care, security, personnel costs, building expenses and other burdens. America's 2.3 million inmates are essentially a huge mass of full-ride welfare recipients. Incarceration removes people from the productive economy, cages them, and prevents most of them from working productively or efficiently in the private sector. Prison industries are state businesses and usually only make products for use by the state. There are not nearly enough prison jobs to go around.<br />
<br />
Flogging does not preclude incarceration. Like prison time, it can be held over the parolee's or probationer's head. But corporal punishment is faster and more flexible. Several doses of flogging might be administered in the time it takes to serve a one-year prison sentence. Some offenders will want to "get it over with" and plead guilty, accepting responsibility sooner.<br />
<br />
Judicial corporal punishment will not break up families, marriages, communities and careers like incarceration does, nor will it increase welfare costs as much as mass incarceration.<br />
<br />
Our society abhors the thought of flogging. Rarely portrayed as a valuable punishment, it is often confused with more arbitrary parental corporal punishment. But the more people learn about modern mass incarceration in the United States, the less they will object to judicial corporal punishment. Studies applicable to often-arbitrary and abusive parental corporal punishment do not apply to the rational use of judicial corporal punishment. We do not have scientific studies concerning judicial corporal punishment. All we have is history... and increasing knowledge of the social disaster caused by modern mass incarceration.<br />
About this Author<br />
<br />
For documented effectiveness of judicial corporal punishment, please look inside "Prison and Slavery - A Surprising Comparison," http://www.amazon.com/dp/1432753835. John Dewar Gleissner, Esq. graduated from Auburn University (B.A. with Honor, 1973) and Vanderbilt University School of Law (1977).</div>nasrudinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05975580721389437239noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9184009837105093682.post-7057292235179270582012-02-11T00:36:00.001-08:002012-02-11T00:36:12.468-08:00Women's Right to Property in India<div style="text-align: justify;">Several legal reforms have taken place since independence in India, including on equal share of daughters to property. Yet equal status remains illusive .Establishment of laws and bringing practices in conformity thereto is necessarily a long drawn out process. The government, the legislature, the judiciary, the media and civil society has to perform their roles, each in their own areas of competence and in a concerted manner for the process to be speedy and effective.<br />
To quote Justice Sujata V. Manohar of Supreme Court of India<br />
<br />
"...It is not easy to eradicate deep seated cultural values or to alter traditions that perpetuate discrimination. It is fashionable to denigrate the role of law reform in bringing about social change. Obviously law, by itself, may not be enough. Law is only an instrument. It must be effectively used. And this effective use depends as much on a supportive judiciary as on the social will to change. An active social reform movement, if accompanied by legal reform, properly enforced, can transform society."<br />
<br />
Historical perspective<br />
An effective social reform movement does need the help of law and a sympathetic judiciary to achieve its objectives. Women empowerment, equal rights to both men and women, equal share of property, etc., are some of the issues which we discuss everyday, in life, newspaper and on television. But the reality which bites is that these issues are still "unresolved". Not much has actually been done to create equality between the male and female gender. The male still dominates society.<br />
<br />
If it's a matter of property, then legally male dominate the society. There are numerous laws that say that there should be no discrimination between the sexes, but in reality none are effective enough to actually bring about a revolution; a change in society.<br />
<br />
According to the Indian Succession Act, 1925, everyone is entitled to equal inheritance, except Hindus, Sikhs, Jains, Buddhists and Muslims. Under this act, the daughter of a person dying intestate would be entitled only to one-fourth of the son's share, or Rs. 5,000/- (Sthree Dhan), whichever is lesser. The Travancore High Court, however, held that the Indian Succession Act would have no application to the Christian women of the Travancore State in view of the Travancore Christian Succession Act, 1916. Under the State Act, the daughter of a person dying intestate would be entitled only to one-fourth of the son's share or Rs. 5,000/- (Sthree Dhana) whichever is lesser. The application of the State Act was challenged in the Supreme Court in the famous Mary Roy's Case (Mary Roy Vs. State of Kerala, AIR 1986 SC 1011; 1986(2) SCC 209). The Court ruled that the Cochin and Travancore Christian Succession Acts had ceased to be operative on the Reorganization of States and that automatically made the Indian Succession Act applicable to all Kerala Christians bestowing on them equal inheritance rights.<br />
<br />
The Hindu Enactment Act, 1956, established that women have equal inheritance rights, as men; and it abolished life estate of female heirs. However, this law could not do the needful as there was another law, the Mitakshara coparcenaries (Hindu Law) that overruled the previous law.<br />
According to Mitakshara coparcenaries, in a joint family, a daughter gets a much smaller share of property compared to the son. While the father's property is shared equally between brother and sister; the brother, in addition, is entitled to a share in the coparcenaries from which the sister is excluded .For example, if the family owns a dwelling house, then the daughter's right is confined only to the right of residence and not possession or ownership.<br />
<br />
Recommendations of Women Committees/Commissions on Status of Women in India<br />
<br />
In 1975 a committee on the status of women was constituted by the Government of India, to evaluate the current legal provisions in regards to women , so that that a women is not left completely destitute.<br />
<br />
Some important recommendations which were made by this committee were that legislative measures should be taken to bring Christian women of Kerala under the Indian Succession Act. The Indian Succession Act should be extended to Goa and Pondicherry respectively to undo the relegation of widows to fourth position in matters of succession and to undo the inferior position to which Christian women are relegated by not being considered as full owners of property. In regards to succession to property among Hindus, the right by birth should be abolished and the Mitakshara co-parcenary should be converted into Dayabhaga (the retention of Mitakshara co-parcenary perpetuates inequality between sons and daughters as only males can be co-parceners, and inheritance is only through the male line). The exception provided in Section 4 (2) of the Hindu Succession Act relating to devolution of tenancies should be abolished (this provision, as it stands now excludes devolution of tenancy rights under various State Laws from the scope of the Act).<br />
<br />
The discrimination between married and unmarried daughters regarding right of inheritance of dwelling houses caused under Section 23 of the Hindu Succession Act should be removed.<br />
The right of testation should be limited under the Hindu Succession Act, such that female heirs are not deprived of their inheritance rights. There is need for legislation in Muslim Law to give equal share of property to the widow and daughter along with sons as done in Turkey.<br />
<br />
In Matrimonial property, legal recognition should be given to the economic value of the contribution made by the wife through household work for purposes of determining ownership of matrimonial property, instead of continuing the archaic test of actual financial contribution; On divorce or separation, the wife should be entitled to at least one-third of the assets acquired at the time of and during the marriage.<br />
<br />
The National Commission for Women had also recommended certain amendments in laws related to women and property. Under Indian Succession Act, 1925 it suggested that Sections 15 and 16 of the Act, should be amended, removing mandatory linkage of wife's domicile with that of the husband. Further, it recommended that appointment of testamentary guardian may be the right of both the parents acting concurrently. Widows should be granted letter of administration to deal with the Estate of the deceased husband unless excluded by the Court for sufficient reasons (Section 219 (a)).and application made by the widow to be disposed of within a year (Section 218 (2).In Hindu Succession Act, 1956 It suggested that equal distribution should be made of not only separate or self acquired properties of the diseased male, but also of undivided interests in co-parcenary property. Daughter of a co-parcener in a Hindu joint family governed by Mitakshara Law to be co-parcener by birth in her own right in the same manner as her son; she should have right of claim by survivorship and to have same liabilities and disabilities as a son ;further co-parcenary property to be divided and allotted in equal share.<br />
<br />
The right of any heir to claim partition of a dwelling house to arise only after settlement of widowed mother's rights is disposed with in case the deceased male is intestate.<br />
A remarkable dent in this situation was made by the Hindu Succession [Andhra Pradesh] Amendment Act, 1985, which initiated a remarkable development. This law stated that, in any circumstances, the rights of the daughter are equal to that of the son. This new law found the Mitakshara system in violation of the fundamental right of equality bestowed upon women in Indian Constitution. Following Andhra Pradesh, the States of Tamil Nadu, Maharashtra and Kerala subsequently also amended their laws by including women as members of the coparcenaries.<br />
The Rajya Sabha on August 16, 2005, passed the Hindu Succession (Amendment) Bill, 2004, (Hindu Succession (Amendment) Act, 2005,) which is now a law, giving daughters and sons equal rights to property. According to this law, any woman, irrespective of the marital status, has full right to inherit ancestral property just like a son of the family. This law has completely abolished the Hindu Succession Act 1956 by giving equal rights to daughters in the 'Hindu Mitakshara Coparcenary property', as sons have. If however, any of the parents have built some property and have made a will of their own, this law would be ineffective.<br />
<br />
Myth<br />
<br />
Earlier, the law use to put the male heirs on a higher footing by providing that they shall inherit an additional independent share in co-parcenary property over and above what they inherit equally with female heirs; the very concept of co-parcenary was that of "an exclusive male membership club" .Now this concept has` been abolished . But surprisingly, even today, even after the new law, co-parcenary remains a primary entitlement of males; no doubt law provides for equal division of share between all heirs, male and female on the death of a male co-parcener, but in practice the scene is totally different .Legally, Intestate self acquired property devolves equally between male and female heirs; but , even toady female heirs are asked to relinquish their share by making relinquishment deeds on their signature and are commonly submitted in courts. If the intestate property includes a dwelling house, the female heirs have no right to partition until the male heirs choose to divide their respective shares. If a Hindu female dies intestate, her property devolves first to husband's heirs, then to husband's father's heirs and finally only to mother's heirs; thus the intestate Hindu female property is kept within the husband's lien.<br />
<br />
Conclusion<br />
<br />
To actually achieve equal inheritance for all, the laws have been amended. In regard to succession to property among Hindus, the right by birth has been abolished and the Mitakshara School co-parcenary of Hindu Law has been converted into Dayabhaga School that means equal distribution of not only separate or self acquired properties of the diseased male, but also of undivided interests in coparcenary property. Daughter of a coparcener in a Hindu joint family governed by Mitakshara Law now is coparcener by birth in her own right in the same manner as a son; she has right of claim by survivorship and has same liabilities and disabilities as a son; now co-parcenary property to be divided and allotted in equal share. The theoretical reforms so far have not been adequate to give all Indian women a right to property on the same footing and terms as men. It varies with region and religion. Even where law has given a right, conventions and practices do not recognize them. Women themselves relinquish their rights. Women, as daughters, wives, daughters-in-law, mothers or sisters tend to lose out and often suffer deprivation. This further gets accentuated when they lose the security of the family, as single women, divorced/separated or widowed. Social awareness of the rights under law, attitudes to adhere to it and a mindset to change law and practice to ensure social justice is therefore urgent.<br />
Therefore a social reform movement is necessary for such awareness and change of mindset. Since 'marriage' is the most traditional institution of initiating a family and preserving it, let registration of marriages be made compulsory It is suggested that to achieve more power for women we must Increase awareness of laws through education institutions, general awareness and legal awareness programmes; sensitize Judiciary, administrators and legislators about implementation of laws in letter and spirit; consider long pending recommendations for amendments of legal provisions on inheritance and strengthen the administrative machinery for the purpose.<br />
About this Author<br />
<br />
Rakesh J Saxena<br />
Hindu Personal Laws of India</div>nasrudinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05975580721389437239noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9184009837105093682.post-81326440772642147232012-02-11T00:35:00.000-08:002012-02-11T00:35:23.538-08:00How We Select State Judges<div class="separator" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="266" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEg9sHx5loJ74iRdE8lxP0pJlNvxygkr9K_v4826qS01tEDGAVLKFjcqK7G81zNuOQCyJl_FEILNSQ6ITsNypgDIcnDOERaH9sdduZermvojAlkXENErwAjeit9fuwtahqqW1u0DtQc2S1VC/s400/State+Judges.jpg" width="400" /></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">The issue of how state judges are selected in the U.S. has been an area of controversy for more than 150 years. There are a number of variations but generally speaking, state judicial selection takes place by one of two methods - by appointment or by election. Initially judges were appointed by the state governors or legislation. Mississippi in 1832 was the first state to write a provision into their constitution to have voters elect state judges. This eventually became the common method of choice for a majority of states for many years.<br />
<br />
During the 1930's some highly publicized cases highlighting the role of corrupt politics in the election process, in judicial decisions and the excessive time involved in campaigning caused many people to rethink the judicial selection process. A new plan, commonly called the Missouri Plan became the model of choice for judicial selections.<br />
<br />
The Missouri Plan is a method to combine election and appointment of judges. Under the plan, candidates for judicial vacancies are first selected by commissions. They forward a short list of names to the governor. If the governor does not select one of these names to fill the position within sixty days, the committee makes the selection. After one year during a general election, the judge enters into a "retention election" to determine if he will retain his office. This plan is also referred to as a 'Merit Selection Plan with Governor Appointment'. Currently 24 states use this plan.<br />
<br />
Other types of appointment methods are:<br />
<br />
Governor Appointment (no selection commission) - in use by 3 states.<br />
<br />
Legislative Appointment (no selection commission) - in use by 2 states.<br />
<br />
There are two different permutations of the election method of selecting state judges. These are Partisan and Non-Partisan elections. Partisan elections have the candidates' party affiliation listed on the ballot. A non-partisan election is one where the candidates are listed on the ballot with no label designating any party affiliation. Six states use partisan elections and 15 states currently employ the non-partisan election process.<br />
<br />
The debate continues to rage over which method most limits the role of politics in the selection of state judges, with many states currently involved in trying to redefine their systems. Missouri faces an initiative on their ballot in November; the state's historical merit selection method would be discarded and replaced by direct judicial elections.<br />
<br />
Advocates of appointment claim it minimizes political considerations in the selection of judges, improves the quality of the judiciary and ensures judicial independence in deciding cases. In particular, the use of a judicial nominating commission composed primarily of lawyers and distinguished members of the community is seen as bringing a degree of expertise to the process of picking judges. Their argument in its favor is that, unlike elective systems, the Missouri Plan is more likely to select qualified judges they say, because they are selected by experts. This assumes the voters, as a whole, are apathetic toward judicial races, are not familiar with the issues at hand, and are basically not competent to vote on judicial candidates.<br />
<br />
Opponents of the so called merit plan say the selection is swayed by political insiders and the plan has handed influence over the judiciary to lawyers (mostly liberal leaning trial lawyers they contend) and bar associations.<br />
<br />
The amount of money spent on judicial elections continues to climb - doubling to more than $200 million over the last decade. Only $2 million was spent on those states using the merit system. More and more special interests groups are raising larger and larger sums of money to upset judges that have upheld laws they oppose. According to Jeffrey Neary, a district judge in Iowa, he barely survived a campaign aimed at removing him for granting a divorce to a same-sex couple. He said the experience made him more cautious about how he approached controversial cases. He is up for retention this year. "I don't want judicial positions to be political positions," he said. "If that happens I don't want to be a judge."<br />
<br />
Whatever the outcome, we can be sure the judicial selection process will be one of increasing controversy in the foreseeable future.<br />
About this Author<br />
<br />
Texas uses the Partisan Election process to elect their state judges. For issues concerning Criminal Law visit http://www.thedicklawfirm.com</div>nasrudinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05975580721389437239noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9184009837105093682.post-29020071750139549952012-01-20T01:06:00.000-08:002012-02-11T01:26:30.665-08:00A Biblical View of Punishment Redefined<div style="text-align: justify;">A biblical perspective: abandoning retribution as a doctrine for legal punishment<br />
<br />
I. Introduction<br />
<br />
The Old Testament is filled with different mandates regarding punishment for certain acts and crimes, a great deal of which includes the penalty of death. Conversely, the New Testament somewhat disregards the Old Testament idea of punishment, in that it became secondary to Jesus' message of love and redemption. In this respect, both reward and punishment are seen as taking place in eternity, rather than in this life. How do we reconcile these differing views? What are the reasons for the sharp shifts in these fundamental concepts? Moreover, to what extent should our system of criminal law incorporate these biblical models of justice?<br />
<br />
II. Criminal Law<br />
<br />
Two broad theories of punishment exist which guide our current criminal justice system: utilitarianism and retribution. These theories guide lawmakers in developing general principles of criminal responsibility.<br />
<br />
Utilitarianism<br />
<br />
From a utilitarian perspective, punishment exists to ensure the continuance of society and to deter people from committing crimes. The primary utilitarianism objective is to augment the total happiness of the community by excluding everything that subtracts from that happiness. There are three distinct forms of utilitarianism: A.<br />
<br />
Deterrence<br />
<br />
The theory of deterrence suggests that the pain inflicted upon a person who has committed a crime will dissuade the offender (and others) from repeating the crime. Deterrence hinges around the idea that punishment has to be appropriate, prompt, and inevitable. Deterrence protects the social order by sending a message to the public at large. An English judge once defined the standard long ago when he remarked, "Men are not hanged for stealing horses, but that horses may not be stolen." The general theory of deterrence is further divided into two categories. General deterrence describes the effect that punishment has when it serves as a public example that deters people other than the initial offender from committing similar crimes. General deterrence illustrates punishment delivered in order to send a message to everyone that crime doesn't pay. Specific deterrence describes the punishment of an individual designed to prevent that individual person from committing future crimes. This idea generates from the concept that it is impossible for an individual to commit another crime while they're in prison. Both forms of deterrence as punishment methods are meant to discourage individuals from recidivating.<br />
<br />
B. Incapacitathon<br />
<br />
Specific deterrence is very similar to and often takes the form of the notion of incapacitation. Incapacitating a known criminal makes it impossible for this individual to commit another crime. If a criminal is confined, executed, or otherwise incapacitated, such punishment will deny the criminal the ability or opportunity to commit further crimes which will harm society. The only total, irrevocable punishment is the death penalty. Other punishments, such as imprisonment, produce only partial and temporary incapacitation. Incapacitation, however, does not decrease offenses of convicts who would have not committed additional offenses anyway. Examples of this would include generally law-abiding citizens who committed a "crime of passion" in a specific, non-recurring situation.<br />
<br />
C. Rehabilitation<br />
<br />
Advocates of the rehabilitative form of utilitarianism believe that punishment will prevent future crimes by reforming prisoners by providing them with skills and assets that could help them lead a productive life after their release. Supporters of rehabilitation seek to prevent crime by providing offenders with the education and treatment necessary to eliminate criminal tendencies, as well as the skills to become productive members of society. Rehabilitation seeks, by means of education or therapy, to "bring a criminal into a more normal state of mind and into an attitude which would be helpful to society." Rehabilitation is based on the notion that punishment is to be inflicted on an offender to reform them as to make their re-integration into society easier. This theory is firmly grounded in the belief that one cannot inflict a severe term of imprisonment and expect the offender to be reformed and to able to adjust into society upon his release without some form of help.<br />
<br />
Retribution<br />
<br />
The theory of retribution is grounded in the belief that punishment of a wrongdoer is justified as a deserved response to a wrongdoing. Unlike utilitarianism, which punishes in order to prevent future harm, retributivists punish because of the wrongdoing. Thus, the criminal gets his "just deserts" regardless of whether the punishment serves to prevent any future crime. An assessment of desert will take into account "both the harm done and the offender's culpability." The focus on culpability is based on the "presupposition that people are morally responsible for their actions, and requires the court to take into account mitigating factors or excuses such as diminished capacity, duress, and provocation." Under a retributive theory of penal law, a convicted defendant is punished simply because he deserves it and for no other purpose. There is no exterior motive such as deterring others from crime or protecting society - the goal is simply to make the defendant suffer in order to pay for his wrongdoing. Some scholars believe that it is entirely natural for an individual to seek revenge and retribution when injured or harmed by another. Thus, one of the primary reasons for the existence of retribution as a doctrine recognizes the reality that people often need to be relieved of their need to retaliate against those who have wronged them. In fact, it can be argued that it is potentially harmful to the state if it does not satisfy these needs and urges. If the people are not satisfied, as history has shown, then people will sometimes take the law into their own hands in the form of mobs and vigilantes.<br />
<br />
III. Biblical Concepts of Punishment<br />
<br />
The Old Testament is replete with references and examples of God punishing the Israelites for their transgressions. In Genesis God defines that punishment is based upon a belief in the sanctity of life. God instructs the Israelites in several places within the Pentateuch that with respect to certain crimes, the penalty shall be an "eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot." A closer look at this historical tradition, however, seems to teach that this penalty was not to be interpreted literally. Instead, what the Biblical instruction really intended was for the victim of an assault or another crime to receive from the criminal the equivalent value of whatever was taken. Regardless, the "eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth" axiom has become synonymous with harsh retribution and supporters of this theory sometimes justify their viewpoint based on this rationale. As well, how do we properly reconcile the prevailing view under the Mosaic Law with the teaching of Jesus? The scriptures tell us that Jesus asked God to forgive his executioners and promised the repentant thief beside him that they would be together in paradise when being crucified. Jesus also told his followers that they were to forgive their enemies, turn the other cheek when assaulted, refrain from judging others, minister to crime victims, visit prisoners, proclaim release to captives and liberty to the oppressed. All of these concepts seem to be in direct contradiction to the punishment concepts laid out under the Mosaic Law, so analyzing the teaching of Jesus to develop our own theory of punishment would prove worthwhile.<br />
<br />
Mosaic Law<br />
<br />
According to Hebrew teachings, Moses led the Jews out of slavery in Egypt around 1250 B.C. and received the 10 Commandments from God. The Hebrews then put the commandments and other principles into written form as a code of religious and moral laws known as the Mosaic Law. The laws given were in the context of a treaty with the Israelites so they could live according to God's plan and engage in a meaningful relationship with Him. The Hebrew word law when translated always has a positive meaning and is commonly identified as the term "instruction." The law, therefore, was "like an outstretched finger pointing the direction a person should take in life." The Mosaic Law was explicit in its teaching regarding punishment. The sixth commandment was, "thou shall not commit murder." Accordingly, the punishment for murder was, "he who strikes a man so that he dies shall surely be put to death." There are 36 eight capital offenses under the Mosaic system detailed in the Pentateuch which prescribed the death penalty. The Mosaic Law even prescribed the death penalty for violating the Sabbath. It would seem on first glance that the Mosaic era centered its system of punishment around principles of retribution. The phrase "an eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth" expressed a principle of justice also known as lex talionis, which in Latin translates to the "law of retaliation." The literal meaning of this passage would undoubtedly lead one to presume that this calls for punishment very similar to retribution. Prosecutors have even used the phrase in closing arguments in trials to persuade jurors to return particularly harsh punishments, including the death penalty. Accordingly, "an eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth" is widely understood to equate to harsh retribution pursuant to a mentality commonly referred to as "Old Testament justice." However, what the lex talionis actually called for was simply proportionate punishment commensurate with the crime.<br />
<br />
If punishment was to be administered, the guilty man was to receive "the number of lashes his crime deserves." Another passage that disregards the literal interpretation of "an eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth" is illustrated by the decree in Exodus how a "person who injured their servant was to let them go free as compensation." In other words, a free mandate for mutilation was not given. Instead, "the aim was proportionate and not imitative retribution, often by way of compensation or restitution." From this, it appears that punishment should be imposed on an offender - normally and certainly no more than - in proportion to what their offense deserves. New Testament The Old Testament's "eye for an eye" is often contrasted with the "turn the other cheek" compassion of the New Testament. Jesus' teaching in the New Testament never directly concentrates on the subject of what method is best to punish criminals. In fact, it should be noted that Jesus' main teaching point focuses on the unseen, remarking, "My kingdom is not of this world." One of the main scriptural references that is readily apparent, which accurately demonstrates this concept is the thief on the cross: Then one of the criminals who were hanged blasphemed Him, saying, "If You are the Christ, save Yourself and us." But the other, answering, rebuked him, saying, "Do you not even fear God, seeing you are under the same condemnation? And we indeed justly, for we receive the due reward of our deeds; but this Man has done nothing wrong." Then he said to Jesus, "Lord, remember me when You come into Your kingdom." And Jesus said to him, "Assuredly, I say to you, today you will be with Me in Paradise." It is pertinent to recognize that Jesus' assurance of salvation only came into effect after the thief died. It should be noted that Jesus did not restore the thief to his status on this earth, which would have thereby recognized his rehabilitation and repentance for his earthly sins. As shown previously, the concepts of justice and proportionality were recognized under the Mosaic Law, while in the New Testament "the virtues of redemption and forgiveness are frequently extolled." Therefore, what the Old Testament says has to be tempered by the examples of mercy shown by Jesus. Christian interpretation of the biblical passage regarding the "eye for an eye, tooth for a tooth" passage has been heavily influenced by Jesus' Sermon on the Mount. Jesus urges his followers to turn the other cheek when confronted by violence: "You have heard that it was said, 'An eye for an eye and a tooth for a tooth.' But I say to you, offer no resistance to one who is evil.<br />
<br />
When someone strikes you on your right cheek, turn the other one to him as well. If anyone wants to go to law with you over your tunic, hand him your cloak as well. Should anyone press you into service for one mile, go with him two miles. Give to the one who asks of you, and do not turn your back on one who wants to borrow." Analyzing this passage would assuredly lead one to conclude that Jesus' teaching does not promote a system of justice analogous to the retributive principles discussed previously. Another New Testament passage that is relevant when analyzing how punishment should be considered is the story of the man and woman caught in adultery: At dawn He appeared in the temple courts, where all the people gathered around Him, and he sat down to teach them. The teachers of the law and the Pharisees then brought in a woman caught in adultery. They made her stand before the group and said to Jesus, "Teacher, this woman was caught in the act of adultery. The Law of Moses commanded that such women be stoned. But what do you say?" This they said, testing Him, that they might have something of which to accuse Him. Jesus bent down and started to write on the ground with his finger, as though he did not hear. When they kept questioning Him, He straightened up and said to them, "If any one of you is without sin, let him be the first to throw a stone at her." Again He stooped down and wrote on the ground. At this, those who heard began to go away one at a time, the older ones first even until the last. And Jesus was left alone with the woman standing in His midst. Jesus straightened up and asked her, "Woman, where are they? Has no one condemned you?" She said, "No one, sir." Then Jesus said to her, "Then neither do I condemn you; go now and sin no more." This passage typifies Jesus' message of forgiveness and redemption. It is hard to justify condemning a person for any offense in light of Jesus' teaching here.<br />
<br />
This passage conveys that Jesus personified the message of hope and compassion to those who are perhaps undeserving. I personally believe that Jesus' teaching here was a message to the people that they had perhaps taken the Mosaic Law out of context over the years. Assuming this proposition to be true, it would be hard to rely on the Mosaic Law as a justification for any of the punishment methods in our current society. An additional passage that could be interpreted with regards to those incarcerated is Jesus' teaching describing how He will separate the "sheep from the goats" based on how people treat others: Then the King will say to those on his right, "Come, you who are blessed by my Father; take your inheritance, the kingdom prepared for you since the creation of the world. For I was hungry and you gave me something to eat, I was thirsty and you gave me something to drink, I was a stranger and you invited me in, I needed clothes and you clothed me, I was sick and you looked after me, I was in prison and you came to visit me." Then the righteous will answer him, "Lord, when did we see You hungry and feed You, or thirsty and give You something to drink? When did we see You a stranger and invite You in, or needing clothes and clothe You? When did we see You sick or in prison and go to visit You?" The King will reply, "I tell you the truth, whatever you did for one of the least of these brothers of mine, you did for Me." Jesus' teaching in this passage is in direct opposition to anything resembling an "out of sight, out of mind" approach to leaving prisoners detained for incapacitation or specific deterrent reasons. Instead, Jesus directly mentions the virtue of visiting prisoners while they are incarcerated and maintains that the righteous are those who remember to consider the individuals who society has forgotten. Taken as a whole, it seems at the very least Jesus warns against not having compassion for those in prison. Jesus' entire message focused on love and forgiveness. When Christ was executed, he gave a model response to his enemies in His dying words: "Father, please forgive them." Before God, all of us are accused and found guilty. This alone stands for the assertion that all of us fall short of God's grace in many ways, yet Jesus through his divine love still finds the compassion to plead for our forgiveness. Given this, I believe it should be hard for any man to stand in judgment against another. Jesus imparted this knowledge in the Sermon on the Mount: "Judge not, or you will be judged. Condemn not, and you shall not be condemned. Forgive, and you will be forgiven." Based on this, it should be hard for Christians to justify punishment based on traditional retributive principles of letting those harmed seek retaliation in response to a wrongdoing.<br />
<br />
Ancient Israel<br />
<br />
When interpreting the Mosaic Law it is important to consider that their society was far different from our own. Most religious scholars believe that God revealed to Moses the Torah around the thirteenth century B.C. It was not until the fifth century B.C. that the Hebrews actually put the commandments and other legal principles into written form. According to Jewish tradition, the written Torah was never meant to be read entirely by itself. Rather, it was the starting point for learning the Oral Law, which supplemented the written text in many ways. Considering this, scholars believe that most of the seemingly harsh criminal laws were never applied literally. As such, an "eye for an eye" was never meant to include an actual maiming of an offender. Rather, it called for the monetary compensation for the value of the victim's lost eye. Likewise, there were many significant evidentiary and procedural safeguards for criminal defendants that caused a court to rarely carry out the death penalty, believing God was better suited to "settle accounts." Restitution, rehabilitation, and atonement were paramount considerations regarding criminal punishment - not retribution - contrary to what would likely be assumed given the explicit meaning of "an eye for an eye." Moreover, prison as a method of punishment was virtually non-existent. The use of prisons was limited primarily because the retributive aspect which is so prevalent in our system was not subscribed to as a reason for punishment. That being said, the idea of a violent criminal being able to roam free in the city while trying to make restitution is an absurd idea. It is for this reason why "cities of refuge" were implemented where manslayers were exiled.<br />
<br />
IV. Imprisonment as a Form of Punishment in the United States<br />
<br />
What is the true aim of our prison system? Some would argue that it is to punish those who have committed wrongs asserting the theory of retribution as justification. However, the more important goal of prisons, arguably, should be in rehabilitating and reintegrating criminals to function in society. John Braithwaite is a renowned scholar and proponent of the restorative justice movement. Braithwaite's hypothesizes in his book Crime, Shame, and Reintegration that fear of shame and having pride in being law-abiding should be the major social forces for preventing crime, but modern criminal justice has become "severely disconnected from those emotions." Instead, the criminal justice system often creates "anger and indignation at the state for offending citizens' dignity in response to the inhumane conditions of prison life." To further support his theory, he invokes the New Testament theory of "hating the sin but loving the sinner." In large part, this rationale is maintained by our increasing reliance on confining individuals within a penitentiary for wrongdoing while having virtually no alternate forms of punishment.<br />
<br />
Theory of Incarceration<br />
<br />
The overarching remedy in the United States is to punish people when they commit crimes through incarceration. Restitution is sometimes included, although most often it is afforded as a civil remedy and is not considered in the criminal context. As Americans we pride ourselves in our freedom and our ability to freely engage in the "pursuit of happiness." Perhaps the reason we rely so heavily on threatening offenders with incarceration is because by doing this society is effectively taking away a fundamental privilege enjoyed by every American citizen. However, it would unquestionably be wise if legislators and policymakers would evaluate if incarceration is indeed the only way to achieve the objective of discouraging crime. A prevailing view among the law enforcement community reflects the attitude "if you commit the crime, you do the time." Once a person willingly engages in an activity that is prohibited by law we feel that person has subjected itself to the absolute certainty of imprisonment if apprehended. Once incarcerated the prisoner will spend their sentence in the hostile environment of a penitentiary awaiting either parole or release, often subjected to violent crimes from other inmates which are sometimes ignored by prison officials. Our prisoners often face degrading living conditions, filled with overcrowding and a general atmosphere of brutality of physical and sexual violence. These conditions undoubtedly create stress, fear, and anger which promote dysfunctional behavior that is damaging and dangerous to society once the prisoner is released. According to Michael Foucault, given the isolation, boredom, and violence prisoner's face, "the prison cannot fail to produce delinquents." As noted previously prison was almost completely ignored in Ancient Israel as a method of punishment. The Israelites did not see any objective to locking someone up in a cell without using this time to make them more productive members of society. One flaw of our system that was recognized with the Ancient Israelites centuries ago was the benefit of segregating criminals within the cities of refuge based on the degree of offense. Only negligent killers were allowed asylum in the cities of refuge, while intentional and reckless killers were not afforded this privilege. In our current system violent criminals often are interspersed with other offenders who are confined for far less serious offenses. Empirical studies have shown that recidivism rates are far lower if low-risk offenders are segregated from more serious offenders.<br />
<br />
A Debt Owed to Society<br />
<br />
It is often said that a criminal who has served a term of imprisonment has "paid his debt to society." In almost every case, however, the crime usually involves the criminal offender and some victim. Notwithstanding, society as a third party intervenes and our concept of justice revolves around payment to, it as opposed to the victim. Victim participation, from arrest to sentencing, needs careful examination as to what extent the government should actually play in these roles. The idea that the criminal pays a debt to society when punished assumes that "all members of society have made a tacit promise to obey its laws that they have broken." They then pays this debt when the "compensates society for their broken promises." This assumption presumes a membership that is not "voluntary which cannot be avoided and implies a promise made without assent." So, if the criminal did not "technically promise to do anything, the lawbreaker had no promise to keep, and therefore no debt to pay." For this reason few offenders accept punishment and even fewer repent of their offenses. Our system has lost sight in many respects the role of the victim in most crimes. For instance, with most thefts monetary restitution is usually neglected in our present legal practices. Punishment is not concerned with the actual loss or damage caused by the prohibited act, but only with the integrity of preserving the legal order. The punishment threatened by society proclaims the wrongness of the act and seeks to deter potential offenders, rather than actually compensate individual victims. If society is to be compensated for anything it should be for the breach of its peace. Our criminal justice system knows no other remedy except imprisonment in order to punish for crimes which possibly could be satisfied by alternate means.<br />
<br />
Restorative Justice<br />
<br />
Restorative justice is a growing movement that involves an approach which strives to maximize forgiveness, hope, and a positive outcome for all parties. The Dalai Lama is a strong proponent of restorative justice, and has taught that "the more evil the crime, the greater opportunity for grace." In the words of the Dalai Lama: "Learning to forgive is much more useful than merely picking up a stone and throwing it at the object of one's anger, the more so when provocation is extreme. For it is under the greatest adversity that there exists the greatest potential for doing good, both for oneself and for others." Advocates of restorative justice see "crime as an opportunity to prevent greater evils, to confront crime with a grace that transforms human lives to paths of love and giving." Current restorative justice philosophy centers around "bringing together all stakeholders to engage in neutral dialogue regarding the consequences of the injustice which has been done." These stakeholders meet in a circle to discuss how they have been affected by the harm and come to some agreement as to what should be done to right any wrongs affected. The key component to restorative justice is that it is wholly distinguishable from punitive state justice. Restorative justice is about healing rather than hurting. Responding to the hurt of crime with the hurt of punishment is rejected because the idea is that the "value of healing is the crucial dynamic." The restorative justice movement has been growing in strength, although there are different and conflicting conceptions of what exactly the concept entails. The central theme is a process of reparation or restoration between offender, victim and other interested parties.<br />
<br />
Rehabilitation<br />
<br />
As a society we must help alienated people by reviving their dignity and giving them the skills and knowledge to help themselves. Through education and job training, criminals can have the power to take control of their own life and contribute to the community when they are released. Once able to contribute to the community, a person will feel a sense of ownership to the community. They will therefore want to protect the community, and uphold its laws. In short, a criminal with the right rehabilitation can be turned from a menace to society into a very valuable asset. The primary goal optimally should be the reintegration of the suspended individual back into the main stream of life, preferably at level greater than before. Many individuals after their stint in prison try to make it on the outside, but sometimes have to resort to committing more crime in order to survive. Most convicts have no money, education, or training and have a "stigma of being an ex-convict" which makes finding employment all the more difficult. Most of those who are caught and convicted are released either free or on probation at some point. However, they rarely receive the benefit of treatment. A prisoner who is not given the chance to get an education, receive job training, and have healthy interactions with others is likely to walk out of prison in worse shape than when he went in. Conversely, after undergoing effective reform programs and treatment, he could hopefully have a positive impact on the community when he re-enters. The true aim of our prison system, therefore, should be to reform and rehabilitate criminals, not simply to punish them.<br />
<br />
VI. Conclusion<br />
<br />
Policy towards offenders has grown more punitive, and thus more retributive, over the last few decades. Most states and the federal government have instituted mandatory sentencing guidelines, the lengths of sentencing has grown tougher, and harsher penalties have been imposed reflecting this retributive shift. As a result, the prison population has exploded out of control and the rate of incarceration has increased exponentially. Considering the amount of individuals who have spent time in some form of a correctional facility within the United States, we must collectively assess what we realistically expect of these people after they are released. This article is not advocating that we incorporate implicitly the techniques used by the Ancient Israelites such as the cities of refuge or involuntary servitude because these methods are likely outdated. Rather, it is suggesting that anyone using a conception of punishment based on strict principles of harsh retribution using "Old Testament justice" as justification are relying on a misguided view. Although popular perception might be that the Ancient Israelites used harsh retribution as the cornerstone for meting punishment, a closer examination indicates that rehabilitation and restitution were their primary goals. As such, while specifically incorporating their ideas such as the cities of refuge might be impracticable in our current society, their underlying ideas for their use may not be. Surrounding criminals with positive influences, preserving a humane environment for prisoners, protecting their physical safety, allowing for opportunities for education, and an increased reliance on intermediate forms of confinement are all factors that might serve to collectively improve the U.S. penal system. These are all utilitarian objectives aimed at improving society, so abandoning the notion of retribution as punishment might be required under a Biblical conception. Moreover, while the teaching of Jesus focused on the eternal concepts of life, it is undeniable that His message included the virtues of exhibiting grace and mercy to those undeserving. Therefore, locking prisoners in an inhumane environment with absolutely no consideration for their well-being is in direct contradiction to the teachings of Jesus. Jesus taught that his grace and love is available for anyone who will receive Him. The scripture never indicates that there is anyone who is beyond the infinite love of the Savior of our world. Accordingly, anything akin to an "out of sight, out of mind" approach to warehousing criminals in a cruel and callous environment assuredly cannot be justified pursuant to the teachings of Jesus.<br />
About this Author<br />
<br />
Carl David Ceder is passionate about reading about ancient times and comparing it to many modern day problems, please visit his website at http://www.CarlCederLaw.com or http://www.TheDFWDefender.com.</div>nasrudinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05975580721389437239noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9184009837105093682.post-3718498463099988342012-01-20T01:05:00.000-08:002012-02-11T01:26:43.996-08:00Illegal Bail Bond Solicitation Hurts the Industry<div style="text-align: justify;">When done right, a bail bondsman can earn a good living. While the majority of bondsmen work hard to deserve the trust of their clients, there are those who seek to increase their business through underhanded means. There have been many instances of bail bondsmen cold calling families of defendants, handing out flyers in the courthouse, or paying inmates to solicit clients within the jail.<br />
<br />
With so many effective and legal options for marketing a bail bond business, it's not only surprising, but disheartening to see that agents are willing to risk their careers and the reputation of the industry for a few extra clients. Not only does this type of behavior affect their company, but it reflects negatively on the thousands of other agents out there who run an honest bail bond company.<br />
<br />
The Negative Impact<br />
<br />
The bail industry already faces opponents, so having a few black sheep in the business gives those who want to do away with private bail bondsmen another weapon to fire. The more trouble a state sees brewing in privately run bail bond businesses, the stricter the state will be about bail bond marketing.<br />
<br />
Illegal solicitation also hurts fair competition among bond agents. When an agent intercepts any arrestees in the courthouse or jail, it makes it more difficult for fellow bondsman to bring in business. Furthermore, unscrupulous bondsmen hurt the public by undermining trust and allowing defendants to get out of jail who have no real means to pay their bail.<br />
<br />
The Penalties<br />
<br />
Each state has its own set of laws regulating the bail bond industry, but for any agent found guilty of illegal solicitation could face severe penalties and even the loss of their license. Being sentenced to several years in jail is another possibility for these unprincipled bondsmen.<br />
<br />
Avoid Bail Solicitation<br />
<br />
If you are looking for a bondsman, you will want to look into your own state's laws regarding bail bondsmen and marketing to find out which practices for solicitation have been outlawed, but here are a few practices to avoid in order to get a bondsman with a solid reputation in the industry:<br />
<br />
* Bondsman shouldn't loiter around the jail or courthouse. Most states have made handing out flyers or directly approaching people in the courthouse or jail a no-no. Certainly, bondsmen have legitimate business in jails and courts, but a bondsman is not allowed to approach potential clients to solicit business.<br />
<br />
* Inmates making money for referrals. This is a sure-fire way to land in hot water. Bondsmen have been caught offering incentives or reduced bail amounts to inmates in jail who encourage others to use their agency. This violates state's laws about bail solicitation. It is also illegal for an unlicensed person to negotiate or execute a bail bond if they are not licensed by the state to do so.<br />
<br />
The bail bond industry provides a valuable service to citizens. There is plenty of business to be had for agents who are willing to put in the time and effort needed to market themselves legally. Avoid bondsmen who solicit clients illegally and help boost your state's confidence in the bail bond industry.<br />
About this Author<br />
<br />
The Rynerson family of bondsmen has been providing California bail bonds with integrity since 1971. When you need options for bail or to learn about the bail bonds process, contact an expert bail bondsman. Greg Rynerson Bail Bonds serves all jails in California.</div>nasrudinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05975580721389437239noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9184009837105093682.post-68648389363187122032012-01-20T00:46:00.001-08:002012-02-11T01:27:08.307-08:00Department of Justice Judicial Selection<div class="separator" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="400" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEjDCEoi8ateuTAzegGoX8qVFB4CYRac8z6CBwsqA11Y1ZO0Et2XcDrdNvVOercAd7nlQzmii75c2eQ61HvGLMmiWmJPYHiGFPI4WDJSqSB8AV82RjKS7iX9C6uiLr9FNOzNHFIu4M2PHrlu/s400/Department+of+Justice+Judicial+Selection.jpg" width="400" /></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">Upon taking a look at the methods used in the United States by the Department of Justice for judicial selection, what is truly remarkable is that various methods have been used over the years. At present, different methods are used at both the federal and state levels. For example, at the federal level the Department of Justice gives the President of the United States the privilege of nominating judges; the Senate must confirm the President's nominations by a majority vote. Now, when talking about judge selection at the state level, it must be said that the process is not quite as simple given the fact that states can choose between different systems, which can be grouped into five major categories: gubernatorial appointment (the governor appoints the judges directly); legislative election (judges are chosen by the legislature); partisan election (voters choose between party nominees in general elections); nonpartisan election (voters choose judges in a general election); Missouri Plan (a commission creates a short list of nominees; the governor chooses from that list).<br />
<br />
Thus far it has been made clear that the systems used, both at the federal and state levels, are different; these differences, however, are only observable in theory, but in practice, there is no way to either observe, or measure, such differences. Why? Because in the end, the procedure through which judges are appointed remains invariable; the Department of Justice, in the end is only concerned with political accountability, not with justice independence. In other words, the United States has a judiciary system that is conditioned by politics; parties elect judges that share their ideologies (and block the appointment of those that do not), political favors are given (and taken) in exchange for appointments, and in the end the result is that the United States' legal system works to support political agendas (the defense of the laws themselves, and the quality and knowledge of those appointed as judges with what has to do with laws, are matters of secondary importance).<br />
<br />
Justice and politics are in fact related, but they are two fundamentally different institutions, and as such, it should not happen that one uses (abuses even) the other in order to satisfy its own needs and wants. Justice was created by man to watch over, to defend and guarantee, the preservation of his rights and liberties, despite of what such defense might do to politics or party interests, for that matter. Furthermore, it is important to keep in mind that judiciary appointments, both at the federal and state level (both under the watchful eye of the Department of Justice), should be performed using the same system. Why? Ultimately, because regardless of it being a Supreme Court Justice appointment, or a municipal court judge appointment, justice must be exercised in the same way (with the same rigor and efficiency).<br />
<br />
Justice is a social institution that man created hundreds of years ago, when societies were first set up; given its important for the maintenance of the social establishment, justice has grown and developed over time, but its development has not been without problems. Justice and politics are two separate matters; in order to have effectiveness and justice in the exercise of the law, it is important to establish a new system, one that is homogeneous (for all levels of justice) and that is independent from the other branches of government. This is a task that the Department of Justice will need to see completed before justice can truly be served objectively and righteously.<br />
About this Author<br />
<br />
I AM AN ODESK WRITER<br />
<br />
Larry Louie L. Maraggay</div>nasrudinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05975580721389437239noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9184009837105093682.post-17252811855647979132012-01-20T00:46:00.000-08:002012-02-11T01:26:55.171-08:00Explaining Violent Crimes%3Cdiv+style%3D%22text-align%3A+justify%3B%22%3E%0D%0AViolent+crimes+refer+to+any+criminal+offense+which+involves+the+use+of+or+threat+of+force+towards+another+person.+Violent+crime+covers+a+broad+spectrum+of+violent+crimes+which+are+divided+into+five+categories+by+the+United+States+Department+of+Justice.+These+include+murder%2C+rape+or+sexual+assault%2C+robbery%2C+aggravated+assault+and+simple+assault.%0D%0A%0D%0AWith+violent+crimes%2C+violence+can+either+be+the+objective+or+they+can+be+a+means+to+an+end+%28as+in+robbery%29.+Additionally%2C+a+violent+crime+may+or+may+not+involve+the+use+of+a+weapon.+A+person+can+murder+another+human+being+with+their+bare+hands+or+in+a+more+insidious+way%2C+such+as+poison.+They+do+not+have+to+use+a+firearm+or+knife+to+commit+such+a+heinous+crime.%0D%0A%0D%0AViolent+crimes+are+prosecuted+as+felonies%2C+which+means+that+a+conviction+can+involve+years+in+a+state+prison.+Not+only+can+they+involve+a+lengthy+prison+sentence%2C+the+state+of+Florida+enacted+the+%22three+strikes+law%22+in+1996.+That+means+that+a+violent+felony+conviction+would+count+as+a+%22strike%22+on+your+criminal+record.%0D%0A%0D%0AWhat+is+the+three+strikes+law%3F+The+three+strikes+laws+were+enacted+by+state+governments+of+the+United+States.+These+laws+require+the+state+courts+to+hand+down+mandatory+sentences+to+criminals+who+have+been+convicted+of+a+violent+felony+on+three+or+more+separate+occasions.+Florida+is+one+of+the+states+that+have+adopted+their+own+form+of+habitual+offender+laws.%0D%0A%0D%0AUnder+the+three+strikes+law%2C+repeat+offenders+are+subjected+to+increased+and+extended+prison+sentences.+They+are+also+limited+or%2C+in+some+cases%2C+prohibited+from+receiving+an+alternative+form+of+punishment+other+than+a+prison+sentence.%0D%0A%0D%0AIn+addition+to+the+%22three+strikes+law%2C%22+the+state+of+Florida+is+one+of+the+states+that+carry+the+death+penalty.+This+means+that+individuals+who+are+facing+serious+violent+crime+charges+such+as+murder%2C+could+be+sentenced+to+death+in+a+court+of+law.%0D%0A%0D%0AAlthough+most+violent+crimes+involve+the+use+of+force+or+violence%2C+a+crime+can+still+be+categorized+as+a+violent+crime+even+if+it+only+involved+the+%22threat%22+of+violence.+For+example%2C+the+crime+of+assault+falls+under+this+category.+Assault+can+vary+depending+on+the+facts+surrounding+the+case%2C+however%2C+assault+by+definition+involves+the+threat+or+use+of+force.+Physical+contact+does+not+need+to+take+place+in+order+to+be+convicted+of+assault%3B+simply+the+threat+of+violence+is+sufficient.%0D%0A%0D%0AAssault+charges+can+range+from+simple+assault+to+aggravated+assault.+Simple+assault+can+be+charged+as+a+misdemeanor%2C+however%2C+it+is+often+prosecuted+as+a+felonious+crime.+Battery%2C+on+the+other+hand%2C+involves+actual+physical+contact+with+the+victim.%0D%0A%0D%0ASexual+assault+and+rape+are+categorized+as+violent+sex+crimes.+Sexual+assault+refers+to+non-consensual+sexual+contact%2C+whereas+rape+is+associated+with+non-consensual+sexual+intercourse.+Furthermore%2C+sexual+crimes+committed+against+children+are+felonies.%0D%0A%0D%0ARobbery+is+a+violent+crime+where+the+victim+is+typically+confronted+by+a+weapon.+Robbers+commonly+use+a+firearm+or+knife+to+instill+fear+in+their+victim%2C+in+order+to+get+them+to+hand+over+their+purse+or+wallet.+Carjacking+is+a+similar+type+offense+where+the+carjacker+will+threaten+to+use+a+weapon+against+the+victim+unless+they+turn+over+their+vehicle.%0D%0@%0D%0AHomicide+charges+are+by+far+the+most+serious+types+of+violent+crimes+as+they+involve+the+death+of+another+human+being.+Murder+and+manslaughter+charges+are+divided+into+degrees.+For+example%2C+a+person+who+meticulously+plans+to+murder+their+victim+and+lies+in+wait+for+them+can+be+guilty+of+a+capital+offense+and+sentenced+to+death%2C+whereas+a+person+who+accidentally+strikes+and+kills+a+pedestrian+with+their+car+will+face+lighter+sanctions.%0D%0A%0D%0AViolent+crimes+are+inherently+serious+in+nature%2C+thus+a+conviction+can+ruin+your+life.+Those+convicted+of+violent+crimes+face+lengthy+prison+sentences%3B+therefore+defending+them+requires+the+help+of+an+experienced+criminal+defense+attorney.%0D%0A%0D%0AIt+is+not+entirely+uncommon+for+extenuating+circumstances+to+lead+to+%22criminal+acts%2C%22+therefore+a+strong+defense+is+your+only+option.+A+criminal+defense+attorney+will+know+how+to+cross-examine+evidence+and+witness+testimony.+They+will+also+have+the+tools+to+unearth+any+mitigating+evidence+that+could+help+you+achieve+a+more+favorable+outcome+in+the+charges+against+you.%0D%0AAbout+this+Author%0D%0A%0D%0AThe+Law+Offices+of+DiRenzo+%26amp%3B+Weick+is+a+criminal+defense+firm+serving+the+residents+of+Fort+Lauderdale+and+the+surrounding+areas.+Their+firm+has+been+successfully+defending+clients+for+more+than+seventeen+years.+At+DiRenzo+%26amp%3B+Weick%2C+you+can+feel+confident+knowing+that+your+case+will+be+handled+by+an+experienced+Fort+Lauderdale+criminal+defense+lawyer+who+you+can+trust.+No+matter+what+brought+you+to+the+charges%2C+they+believe+their+clients+are+innocent+until+proven+guilty+beyond+a+reasonable+doubt.+Therefore%2C+they+will+place+the+burden+of+proof+upon+the+prosecution+to+prove+otherwise.+You+are+urged+to+take+action+immediately+by+contacting+their+firm+at+%28866%29+622-0636+for+a+free+case+evaluation%21%0D%0A%0D%0AFor+additional+information+visit+the+firm%27s+website+at+http%3A%2F%2Fwww.FortLauderdaleDefenseLawFirm.com.%3C%2Fdiv%3E%0D%0Anasrudinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05975580721389437239noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9184009837105093682.post-67958506563735773502012-01-20T00:44:00.001-08:002012-02-11T01:27:57.847-08:00Tips for Appearing for Yourself in an AVO Court Appearance<div style="text-align: justify;">If you have decided to consent to an Apprehended Violence Order (AVO) there is little point using a lawyer. However, for some people who may not be good at speaking in public appearing in Court is a terrifying experience. For these people they may choose to select a lawyer.<br />
<br />
The following tips are designed to assist people who may want to appear for themselves.<br />
<br />
1. In most Sydney metropolitan courts there are domestic violence liaison officers (Police officers) who support and look after the interests of those people seeking an AVO. You should find one of these officers and ascertain the orders that the protected person (Person for whose protection and order is being sort) is seeking against you. Quite often the protected person may seek additional orders then what is in the original application or the provisional or interim AVO.<br />
<br />
If there is no domestic violence liaison officer at court then you can approach the police prosecutor either before court or when the court adjourns. Most Police Prosecutors are helpful and will be able to confer with the protected person as to the orders they seek. Sometimes the Police Prosecutors may be busy and may not assist you at all. Try and not become upset or abusive towards the police prosecutor.<br />
<br />
2. Once you are satisfied that you understand the orders that the protected person is seeking you should speak with the court officer in the court that you are appearing in. You should advise this person that you are ready to agree to the AVO. This can often save you waiting for a long time before the court decides to call out your name.<br />
<br />
3. When your matter is mentioned by the court you will normally make your way from the public gallery to a microphone that will be at the end of the bar table (where the lawyers sit). This is normally at the end opposite the police prosecutor. The Magistrate will ask you whether you consent to the making of an AVO against you for a set period of time. Normally the Magistrate will also read out the conditions of the AVO that you are consenting to. If you agree to those orders you then need to advise the court of this.<br />
<br />
4. Normally the whole process once the matter is mentioned takes approximately 5 minutes.<br />
<br />
5. Once the court makes the order you will normally be asked to wait for staff from the court office to type up the AVO. Once this is done the court office staff will read and explain the AVO to you. If you are happy that the AVO reflects what you consented to in court then you should sign the AVO. If you are not you should mention this to court office staff and ask them that the matter go back before the court so that any corrections can be made.<br />
<br />
In most cases there are little or no issues that would cause you concern.<br />
About this Author<br />
<br />
Lionel Rattenbury<br />
Criminal lawyer Sydney<br />
<br />
The information in this article relates to the laws and court procedures in NSW, Australia. Different but similar laws and court procedures apply in different states of Australia.</div>nasrudinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05975580721389437239noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9184009837105093682.post-32959421155045475612012-01-20T00:44:00.000-08:002012-02-11T01:27:46.354-08:00Criminal Defense Lawyers - Questions to Ask During Your First Meeting With Your Lawyer<div style="text-align: justify;">The last thing any of us want is to deal with the possibility of conviction for a crime. Whether you have become involved in something illegal by accident or are driven in the heat of the moment to commit wrongdoing, you should know that you still have the right to fair trial. As such, if you are able to afford the services of a criminal defense attorney, it is important to find one who will competently handle your case and work toward a solution beneficial to you. That said, you will need to thoroughly interview your candidates.<br />
<br />
When you first sit down to meet with your lawyer, come prepared. Bring along every bit of information related to your case - this includes court documents, bail papers if applicable, and any police paperwork related to your incident. Be ready, too, to ask many questions of your attorney, which can include the following:<br />
<br />
* Have you handled a case like this before? If so, how many?<br />
* Did all of the cases go to trial or were you able to settle out of court?<br />
* How successful were you in winning clients acquittal or lighter sentences?<br />
* How long have you been in practice?<br />
* Where did you get your law degree?<br />
* What are your qualifications for handling this specific case?<br />
* How do you suggest I plead in this case?<br />
* What can I expect if I go to trial?<br />
* Will I be required to take the stand if we go to trial?<br />
* Do I have any advantages with regards to witnesses, evidence, etc.?<br />
* Will you work this case alone, or do you have a partner or assistant?<br />
* How do I contact you if I have more information to give?<br />
* How long do you think a trial will take if we go to court?<br />
* How much do you charge, and what is the payment plan?<br />
<br />
The more you know about the trial procedure going in, the better prepared you will be when the time comes. After meeting with your lawyer, if you feel you can have a good relationship with the firm and the attorney is qualified and competent enough to represent you, continue the open lines of communication so you will know what to expect every step of the way.<br />
<br />
Remember, the lawyer you hire will plead your case and work to ensure you receive a fair trial if your case goes to court. Be cooperative and don't be afraid to ask questions.<br />
About this Author<br />
<br />
Kathryn Lively is a freelance writer specializing in articles on North Carolina lawyers and Outer Banks lawyers.</div>nasrudinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05975580721389437239noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9184009837105093682.post-57795419698012137652011-12-05T01:12:00.000-08:002012-02-11T01:25:05.125-08:00Mental Disorders and the Legal System<div style="text-align: justify;">There are many ethical decisions made daily in the psychology field. Whether these decisions are made to protect patients or others, to keep a mentally ill person from receiving a prison sentence and getting them the mental help they need, helping those with cultural differences, or making sure that a potential patient or study participant has given informed consent, making the correct ethical decisions can be difficult for mental health professionals. Because of this, many laws have been created to put some of these ethical decisions into stone thus relieving some of the difficult decisions that a mental health professional may face.<br />
<br />
Psychology and the law spans a number of areas including that of prosecuting of those with mental illness. There have been many legal cases where the defendant had a mental illness that caused them to hurt or murder others. Because of these legal cases and ethics in psychology, a number of laws have been created in order to protect both those with mental health problems and the general public. For example, if someone is declared to have been "legally insane" while the person commits a crime, the crime can be considered as an accident. Instead of the person going to prison, he or she is instead sent to a mental health care facility to be treated. This law protects the mentally ill who, had he or she not been stricken with mental illness, may not have committed the crime.<br />
<br />
The laws surrounding prosecuting the mentally ill bring up a number of questions. Deciding whether or not a particular defendant is to be found innocent or guilty of their crimes based on their psychological state when the crime was committed is a difficult choice for mental heal care professionals, judges, and juries. These decisions not only weigh heavily on the defendant's future life, but also can weigh on the lives of judges and juries as these decisions can have mental consequences. Furthermore, these decisions an also have a consequence on the general public either by protecting them from future harm or by creating a legal precedent that can make changes in human rights.<br />
<br />
As there is some gray area in these laws, the laws are constantly changing to keep up with the changes in the mental health field. As the mental health field grows, many laws change to reflect this so that patients, professionals, and the public can receive the full rights and protection they deserve.<br />
About this Author<br />
<br />
Melanie writes articles on HubPages on topics such as cultural psychology and informed consent in research and a number of other topics.</div>nasrudinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05975580721389437239noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9184009837105093682.post-72833824689508671382011-12-05T01:10:00.000-08:002012-02-11T01:25:20.898-08:00Criminal Defense Attorneys and Court Appointed Attorneys<div style="text-align: justify;">Quite frankly the top criminal defense attorneys and court appointed attorneys are the ones that win the most cases and get the most satisfying results for their clients. Court appointed attorneys do not publish their case results so their success in court is obscure. You should choose a criminal defense attorney that gets the best case results for their clients, not an attorney that gets the highest opinion or recommendation of a judge or other attorneys. The opinions of judges or other attorneys can always be swayed by personal meetings and relationships. It makes complete logical sense to choose a criminal defense attorney that wins the most cases or gets the best results for their clients in the same way that a top boxer or athlete is the one that wins the most.<br />
<br />
Many articles have been written on choosing between hiring a criminal ddfense attorney and getting a free court appointed attorney. A misconception is that a court appointed attorney will fiercely fight for you and give effective counsel. Court appointed attorneys have heavy case loads and very limited time to work on your case. The limited time they have to work on your case will affect the success or failure of your case results and ultimately your life.<br />
<br />
A private criminal defense attorney that works on a team of criminal lawyers and experts that communicate thoroughly with you and have the resources and time dedicated to your case is going to maximize the potential of a good outcome. Providing you with the best legal counsel to win your case is the responsibility and probably the intention of every criminal defense attorney, whether public or not. However, governmental budget restraints and an overloaded judicial criminal court system is the reality that a public defender and defendants that choose them must accept.<br />
<br />
If you decide to get a court appointed attorney you are also taking a risk because that particular one may not specialize in the type of criminal law that you have been charged with or have meager or no experience at all. Court appointed attorneys that have insufficient experience defending criminal cases are not likely to have a comprehensive understanding of the rules of evidence, especially if they have no experience with the criminal charges you are facing. Attorneys deficient in experience will also have difficulty identifying the strengths and weaknesses of your case, trying your case in the court room, and will also have little credibility negotiating a good deal for you.<br />
<br />
There are also court appointed attorneys and law students who have no experience at all and that is why they're working in the public defenders' office; to gain experience. As you can expect this is the worst possible scenario as law schools are not what the real world is like, and the criminal law courtroom is extremely different than a classroom. A court appointed attorney may be a law student or brand new attorney standing up in court for the very first time. He may be more scared than you are and be intimidated by a prosecutor with years of experience in criminal law, the courtroom, with trials and plea bargains. This is not the situation that you want to find yourself in when you're life and liberty is on the line.<br />
<br />
A criminal defense attorney having experience in criminal law and the criminal charges that you are facing is extremely valuable when deciding on whether or not your case goes to trial and plea bargaining. A criminal defense attorney that has thoroughly reviewed your case with other criminal lawyers and experts in the field will pool their experiences and expertise giving you the advantage of a very knowledgeable criminal defense team fighting for you. A good criminal defense attorney will also have your case investigated by experts to assure that he or she is making the appropriate decision on whether or not your case has enough probable and sufficient evidence to seek the advantages of going to trial or the alternative decision to take a plea bargain. Either way knowing your case from the inside out and all possible scenarios will enable your attorney to effectively represent you in criminal court and get you the best case results.<br />
<br />
You may get very lucky with a court appointed attorney with a light work load, but chances of this happening are not likely. Problems of low salaries and excessive case loads commonly plague many state public defenders' offices. Some court appointed attorneys juggle over two hundred cases. In Los Angeles County it is very common to have one public defense attorney handle over 300 cases, which is well over the maximum caseload size of one hundred recommended by the American Bar Association for a full-time practicing attorney. Even the most well-intentioned and passionate court appointed attorney may be overwhelmed and jeopardize their client's constitutional right to effective counsel.<br />
<br />
Gambling your life on an already overburdened criminal court system could land you in jail with heavy fines and few answers. You may even find yourself with a severely jeopardized future or no future at all. You owe it to yourself to retain a criminal defense attorney that is meticulously dedicated in representing you so that you may go on living your life.<br />
About this Author<br />
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An expert on criminal defense from LibertyBellLaw.com wrote this article. Read about our criminal defense attorneys, their case results, recent case wins in the news, and our criminal law areas of distinction.</div>nasrudinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05975580721389437239noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9184009837105093682.post-65397747887578343692011-12-05T01:09:00.001-08:002012-02-11T01:25:46.555-08:00How A Criminal Attorney Is Able To Help You<div class="separator" style="clear: left; float: left; margin-bottom: 1em; margin-right: 1em; text-align: center;"><img border="0" height="242" src="https://blogger.googleusercontent.com/img/b/R29vZ2xl/AVvXsEgIS0xyR6zcqZd8N0xkYIRJFR_qHGL0WezdAEZyOphFdVFDfJkRhdKLiZMzGWnrbawe9Ze_6clrrPFx-MV4At-ndgDZWBkEPETNue0pVgwKY-zJES8iskYDvx8gnE6ARVROmUQ-BJbM3kXW/s400/Criminal+Attorney.jpg" width="400" /></div><br />
<div style="text-align: justify;">In the United States, criminal law is arguably the most complex area of law, since it comprises a wide range of concepts. As a result of this, there are a wide range of available attorneys that specialize in criminal defense. A good criminal attorney will advocate on behalf of their client in court and defend them to the best of their abilities against criminal charges.<br />
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Several offenses are deemed to be illicit and immoral in nature because of the gravity of their consequences. The most representative crimes falling under this legal area include homicide, assault, theft, drug trafficking and sexual offenses. Certain lawyers specialize in a specific kind of crime, whereas others widen their area of practice to include all illegal acts.<br />
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Choosing the right lawyer to represent you in your case is a decisive factor in whether you will succeed or not. As may be expected, there are various types of lawyers specializing in different areas, so choosing the right lawyer will mean greater efficiency and competence. A strong defense is much more likely when the lawyer you choose already has expertise in the defense of the crime you're accused of.<br />
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When a person is arrested and charged with a criminal act, they will inevitably feel crushed by the harsh reality. Indeed, persons who go through such an ordeal often describe it as the most traumatic period in their lives. Furthermore, the family of the accused will also share the burden of fear and anxiety.<br />
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It therefore becomes crucial to appoint a reliable defense lawyer to take care of your legal issues in these troubled times. The shock will make an individual feel helpless and at a loss as to what to do, so having a lawyer by your side will allow you feel more at ease and confident that the matter is in a professional's hands.<br />
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Apart from the emotional blow, a person facing such serious charges also has their reputation at stake. It is inevitable that when a person is arrested and accused, his record will suffer an indelible mark, which might well influence their life later on. It is only through a sound criminal defense that an individual can safeguard their reputation and professional credibility.<br />
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The most common fear of defendants is being sentenced to time in prison. Being forced to spend a period of time incarcerated will mean a harsh separation from loved ones, as well as a huge blow to one's reputation. Most people faced with a criminal charge tend to panic and imagine themselves in jail before a criminal defense lawyer is hired. Fortunately, a good attorney will manage to eliminate the certainty of jail, or at least lessen the period which must be served.<br />
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Browsing the internet will help you make an informed choice in your time of need. Many lawyers today have their own website through which they can advertise to potential clients. Such websites will contain all the relevant information which prospective client would need. Certain lawyers also offer free consultation to anyone wishing to make use of such service in order to better understand his legal position in such an important time.<br />
About this Author<br />
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When hiring a Fort Lauderdale criminal lawyer, ensure that you meet with more than one so that you can make an informed decision on who to hire.<br />
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If you've been arrested for a crime you've committed in Broward county, you will need the representation of an experienced Fort Lauderdale criminal attorney to ensure that you won't fall victim to an aggressive and zealous prosecution. Being sentenced to a period of incarceration is devastating for most people. To learn more, please visit http://www.fortlauderdalecriminalattorney.net.</div>nasrudinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05975580721389437239noreply@blogger.comtag:blogger.com,1999:blog-9184009837105093682.post-7599867357608829662011-12-05T01:09:00.000-08:002012-02-11T01:25:36.451-08:00Understanding Federal Sex Crimes<div style="text-align: justify;">In the United States, there are two kinds of courts - state courts and federal courts. State courts have been established by each state and are located in cities and counties. In contrast, federal courts are established under the U.S. Constitution to handle disputes involving the Constitution and laws which were passed by Congress.<br />
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State courts have a lot of power, so most cases involving individuals will be heard in state courts. For example, the state courts will handle cases involving family law disputes, robberies, burglaries, theft and broken contracts. The state courts will not hear cases involving specific federal laws such as criminal, antitrust, bankruptcy, patent and copyrights.<br />
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A vast majority of criminal cases involving violations of state laws are heard in state courts, but cases which<br />
involve violations of federal laws can be diverted to federal court. There are some instances where both federal and state courts have jurisdiction. When this occurs, the parties choose whether to go to state or federal court.<br />
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A federal crime or federal offense is a crime which is made illegal by federal legislation. In the U.S., people can be prosecuted at either the state or federal level. As stated above, the majority of criminal offenses are prosecuted on the state level; however, a "federal offense" will be prosecuted on in federal court.<br />
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Certain aggravated or more serious sex crimes are federal offenses in this country. If a person is convicted of a federal sex crime, they could be facing mandatory minimum sentencing. In addition to spending years in prison, probation or parole, and fines, they are also facing mandatory sex offender registration.<br />
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When a person is required to register on the national sex offender registry, their name, address, headshot and description of their offense will be publicly posted. This means that anyone can have access to such private information for years to come. Sex offender registration can also limit where you live and where you can be. Limits can be placed on how close you go to a school campus or a public park.<br />
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Another less widely known fact about being convicted of a federal sex crime is that you might be sent to a Federal Medical Center, which is a Federal Bureau of Prisons Facility. These facilities treat the terminally ill, the mentally ill and sex offenders. Inmates with a sex offender history are enrolled in the residential Sex Offender Treatment Program (SOTP-R) or Sex Offender Management Program (SOMP). Whether inmates like it or not, they are expected to submit to these "intensive" treatment programs along with other sex offenders.<br />
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What sex crimes fall under the category of federal sex crimes? First of all, most sex crimes involving children such as sexual assault, rape, possession of child pornography or distribution of child pornography are considered federal crimes. The list of federal sex crimes is quite extensive, however some common examples of federal sex crimes include aggravated sexual abuse, repeat offenders, sexual exploitation of children, human trafficking, sexual abuse of a minor, sexual abuse resulting in death, selling or buying children for sexual purposes, and many more.<br />
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Being convicted of a federal sex crime can ruin your reputation and your livelihood. Not only would you be facing years in prison, but mandatory sex offender registration as well. Being labeled a "sex offender" will affect your ability to get housing, employment and higher education. No matter what brought you to these charges, it's essential that you consult with an experienced federal criminal attorney who defends such complex cases.<br />
About this Author<br />
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Guy L. Womack & Associates, P.C. is a federal criminal defenses firm which represents clients throughout the U.S. in federal court cases. When you are being charged with a federal crime, you cannot afford to hire an attorney who has little to no experience in defending federal criminal charges. Your case may be under scrutiny by a large federal agency such as the FBI, DEA or CIA. If this is true, you need a highly respected federal crime defense lawyer by your side. With nearly thirty years legal experience, and a background as a former federal prosecutor, Guy Womack has the requirements you need to defend your case in federal court. To learn more about how you can fight your charges, contact an attorney from our firm by calling toll free at (800) 990-8762 or by visiting the firm's website at http://www.federaldefenselawfirm.com.</div>nasrudinhttp://www.blogger.com/profile/05975580721389437239noreply@blogger.com